214 The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser. 



tallize out on the hairs around the opening of the sheath. 

 All species of domestic quadrupeds suffer. 



There is no satisfactory treatment and the great object 

 is to prevent their formation by the measures named 

 beloT 



Urecrul Calculi. These are lodged in the small canals 

 which convey the urine from the kidneys to the bladder. 

 They are usually formed in the pelvis of the kidney and 

 being washed on with the urine are arrested in the ureter. 

 The symptoms are more violent than those of renal cal- 

 culi, since the flow of the urine is checked and the ureter 

 and pelvis of the kidney are over-distended, while the kid- 

 ney itself undergoes inflammation and, if the animal sur- 

 vives, is finally removed by absorption, the opposite kid- 

 ney meanwhile enlarging and doing the work of two. The 

 colics and general symptoms are like those of nephritis. 

 The elastic distended ureter may sometimes be felt with 

 the oiled hand introduced through the rectum. Like re- 

 nal calculus this is usually irremediable. Antispasmodics 

 wiU sometimes succeed by relaxing the duct and allowing 

 the accumulated urine to pass the obstruction onward. 

 They are best given by injection into the bowel. If ne- 

 phritis sets in the treatment must correspond. 



Cystic Calculus. Stone in the Bladder. Seen in all do- 

 mestic animals. 



Symptoms. Frequent straining to pass urine, which 

 escapes in dribblets, in jets checked by a sudden arrest, 

 or not at all. Blood in clots, and microscopic crystals 

 or calculi usually pass with the urine. Examination with 

 bhe oUed hand in the rectum will detect the rounded mass 

 in the bladder, especially if it is partially filled with water. 

 In the female it may be struck by a smooth metaUic 

 sound, or even touched with the finger. 



Treatment. By breaking the stone into small pieces 

 which may pass with the urine (lithotrity), or by extrac- 

 tion whole after dilatation or cutting of the passages (lith- 

 otomy). TAthotrity is effected with the lithotrite of the 



