Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 215 



surgeon and is only applicable to the female quadruped; 



in whicli extraction is usvaally easy and safe. A. pair of 



long, round-bladed tongs like a glove-stretcher may be 



used to slowly dilate the neck of the bladder, after -which 



the warmed and oiled forceps, the blades of which should 



be broad enough to cover the stone, are introduced and the 



Btone being seized is slowly withdrawn by gentle oscillating 



movements. The injection of a little warm water into an 



empty bladder will greatly facilitate the seizure of the 



stone. The male is operated on standing or thrown on 



his right side. A catheter is passed up the urethra to the 



point where it bends forward over the hip bones and an 



mcision about two inches long made down upon this in 



the median line. If the stone is small the forceps may 



now be introduced and the calculus withdra\\n as in the 



female. If too large for this the passage must be dilated 



with a probe-poiuted knife, guided by a grooved director 



or the index finger, the incision being carried obliquely 



between the point of the hip-bone and the anus. The 



stone once removed the opening may be stitched up and 



treated like any ordinary wound. In the ox a catheter 



should be passed as a guide in cutting, as the thickness of 



the erectile tissue over the arch of the hip bone and the 



small size of the urethra render the operation far more 



difficult than in the horse. (For further particulars see 



the author's larger work). 



Urethral Calculi. Stone in the canal by which urine is 

 discharged from the bladder. In horses these are found 

 in the terminal end of the urethra and its papiUse on the 

 glans penis. In the buU and ox in the S-shaped bend of 

 the penis just above the scrotum, and in the ram in the 

 same situation or, more frequently, in the vermiform ap- 

 pendix at the point of the penis. In horses the straining 

 is violent and constant, in cattle and sheep it is little 

 marked, but the tail is slightly raised and the accelerator 

 urinpe muscle is seen contracting just beneath the anus as 

 in ordinary urination. Examination along the course cl 



