228 LANDSCAPE GARDENING 



In feudal times, preceding tlie development of 

 the English garden of the Elizabethan period, the 

 garden was of necessity in the castle court itself, 

 or within an adjacent walled inclosure, and archi- 

 tectural surroundings were therefore considered 

 indispensable. Even after the need for defenses 

 had passed, the idea of architectural propinquity 

 had been so thoroughly stamped on garden design 

 that the outcome was the formal garden. 



Later, beginning in the eighteenth century, 

 when horticulture came to be more commonly 

 practised as a profession, and landscape garden- 

 ing was regarded as the province of horticulture 

 rather than of architecture, the gardens were con- 

 sidered as entirely separate problems, making no 

 attempt to harmonize with the house, because the 

 emphasis was laid entirely on the horticultural 

 side. So great was the enthusiasm for the new 

 styles of naturalistic planting that wonderful old 

 gardens, literally hundreds of years old, were ruth- 

 lessly chopped and torn up to be replaced by the 

 sentimental wilderness popular with the romantic 

 tendencies of the age. 



The craze for the open lawn, with its conven- 

 tional border of shrubs of garden-like or wild 

 character, and its regular shave once or twice a 



