OF WESTERN SIND. 99 



Cyclaster, lAnthia, Schizaster, Pericosmus, Prenaster, Metalia, Gualteria, Peripneustes, 

 and Euspatangus. 



Bittner described some of the Echinoidea of the older tertiaries of Vicenza and 

 Verona in 1880-1881 *, and mentions the genera Cidaris {Leiocidaris), Leiopedina, 

 Ceratomus, Cassidulus, Echinanthus, Pygorhynchus, Ilariona, EcMnolampas, Conochj- 

 peus, Hemiaster, lAnthia, Schizaster, Pericosmus, Prenaster, Parahrissus, Toocobrissus, 

 Peripneustes, Lovenia. 



The Eocene strata of Istria and Dalmatia have had their Echinoid fauna studied and 

 admirably described and illustrated by Taramelli and Bi tt n erf . The fauna is tabulated 

 by Bittner, who finds the following genera represented : — Cidaris (Leiocidaris), Poro- 

 cidaris, Pseudodiadema, Ccelopleurus, Cyphosoma, Micropsis, Echinocyamus, Caratomus, 

 Amblypygus, Nucleolites, Echinanthus, Pygorhynchus, EcMnolampas, Conoclypeus, 

 Cyclaster, Hemiaster, lAnthia, Schizaster, Pericosmus, Prenaster, Qualteria, Macro- 

 pneustes, Peripneustes, Euspatangus. 



The principal genera, or those affording the greatest number of species, are Cidaris, 

 Echinanthus, EcMnolampas, lAnthia, and Schizaster. There are no less than twelve 

 species of EcMnolampas. This does not resemble the Ranikot fauna. 



The Etage Montien (the inferior Eocene of Belgium) contains two species of Cidaris, 

 Goniopygus minor, Cassidulus elongatus, Echinanthus Corneti, and lAnthia Houzeaui. 

 Above this horizon, in the Landenian, come Holaster, Hemiaster, and Schizaster, with 

 Ostrea hellovacina, and still higher, in the Ypresien superieur, with Turbinolia sulcata 

 and Nummulites planulatus, the genera Maretia, Schizaster, Scutellina, and Cidaris. 

 In the higher horizon with Nummulites laevigata, the genus EcMnolampas comes in, 

 with Echinocyamus, Lenita, and Spatangus. 



In the London Clay the genera are Cidaris, Echinus, Echinopsis, Coelopleurus, 

 Spatangus, Hemiaster, Euspatangus, and Schizaster. 



It is hopeless, after studying these details, to give the Ranikot series any definite 

 equivalency. The indefinite Cretaceous facies of part of the Ranikot and sub-Trap 

 faunas, and the absence of very distinctive Lower Eocene genera of European or African 

 types in them, would seem to place the series lower than the Mokattam group and the 

 fossiliferous Eocenes of Kach. At the same time the evidence given by the corals indi- 

 cates a moderate alliance with the fauna of the lowest Nummulitic age of Europe and 

 a possibly greater antiquity. It must be remembered that the Ranikot series is beneath 

 the great development of Nummulitic limestone which occurs in the superincumbent 

 and unconformable Khirthar series. It appears that there is some alliance between 

 the Ranikot series of Echinoidea and those from the Cainozoic (Miocene ]) of Australia 

 (Duncan, Quart. Journ.. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxiii. p. 42) ; but it is of the slightest description. 

 There is little to be said regarding the affinities of the Echinoidea of the Arrialoor or 



* Beitrage zur Pal. von Oesterreich-Ungarn (Wien, 1881), Bd. i. Heft 2. 



t Taramelli, ' Atti del Eeale Istituto Veneto,' 1873-74, t. iii. ser. 4, p. 951 ; Bittner, ' Beitrage zar Pal. 

 von Oesterreich-Ungarn' (Wien, 1880;, Bd. i. Heft 1. 



