102 GEOLOGY OF OHIO. 



The ware from the turning wheels is set on board shelves in open 

 racks, where it slowly dries and sets in a solid shape. After twenty-four 

 hours it is removed to a hot room, or oven, or steam heated shelves, or 

 other appliance for completely drying the moisture from the clay. All 

 breakage in drying after the ware is moved from its original position on 

 the shelf, belongs to the manufacturer. The loss of all cracked or defec- 

 tive ware on the shelves falls on the turner. 



When dry, the ware is stacked in piles in the slip room, which con- 

 stitutes a sort of storage from which the manufacturer can choose the 

 materials with which to set the kilns in whatever order may be most 

 advantageous to him. 



The production of ware by the jolly is much more rapid. The clay 

 is tempered for this purpose to a soft pulp or slush. The jolly is a wheel 

 like the turner's wheel, provided with a hollow head, which is made 

 to receive a large assortment of different sized molds, by the use of appro- 

 priate rings for each size. The jolly is also provided with a variable 

 speed arrangement, by which the operator can run his wheel fast or slow 

 by the pressure from his foot. 



Each jolly is provided with from one thousand to three thousand 

 molds, made in sets for producing the various kinds of ware. The 

 molds are of plaster of paris and are made from uniform standards which 

 have been turned to size in a lathe. In a common sized stoneware shop 

 there will be from fifty to three hundred molds of each shape and size, 

 in the largest pottery shops, working on whitewares a wheel may be run 

 all day on one kind of ware and though each mold be used twice, as they 

 generally are, and sometimes three times a day, this would necessitate 

 the possession of from one hundred to one hundred and fifty dozen molds of 

 a kind. The mold to be filled is brought by a boy, emptied of its piece of 

 ware, partly filled with soft clayand given to the jolly man, who sets it'deftly 

 into his whirling wheel and with his band forces the clays to cover the 

 inside of the mold evenly. He then lowers a pivoted arm, which bears a 

 scraper or " shoe" fitted to produce the exact inside shape of the ware. 

 As the wheel and mold revolve the shoe turns up the clay to the desired 

 form and the surplus collects and is removed by the operator. A com- 

 mon stoneware jolly man will make six-hundred pieces per day, all sizes 

 as they come; a good man will make one-thousand pieces. Many articles 

 are now made in half on the jolly and the two halves united while still 

 fresh. Jugs, bottles, fruit jars, cans, etc., are made this way now which 

 were formerly altogether turned, as the constriction of the neck, makes 

 it impossible to shape it in one operation by' a jolly and then withdraw 

 the shoe. These double wares, take more time to produce than single 

 wares, but are greatly cheaper than hand turned goods. A good man will 

 make five hundred jugs a day by this process. 



As soon as the mold is filled the boy takes it away to the drying 

 closet, close behind the wheel. The heat in these closets is kept up by 



