ARCHEOLOGY. 5 



to be accepted as indubitable evidence that man existed in that locality 

 during glacial floods. To establish such existence it is necessary to prove 

 beyond doubt that the gravel or sand in which the specimen occurs still 

 retains the exact position and condition in which it was laid down at the 

 beginning; this can be determined only by geologists who have made a 

 close and careful study of such deposits in every phase of their compli- 

 cated structure. The question must remain an open one until the claims 

 of the advocates and the opponents of glacial man in America are more 

 definitely substantiated than at present. 



The terraces with a thickness of fifty feet or more along our rivers 

 and creeks owe their formation to precisely the same causes that are 

 daily creating the minor bars along the shores of these streams; the 

 difference is merely in the diminished forces now at work. 



It will be apparent, therefore, that great caution is to be exercised 

 by those who are seeking for palaeolithic implements; many things, as 

 indicated above, are to be taken into consideration. The most skilled 

 glacialist is liable to be deceived by the arrangement of secondary ter- 

 races, and thus countenance an erroneous opinion which more extended 

 observation would correct. All the greater need, then, for one to whom 

 may not have been given the opportunity for a large field of study, to be 

 chary of hasty deductions. 



It is probable that discoveries of this character will multiply with 

 the growth of such work as requires excavations on a large scale; those 

 interested will do well to remember that many persons are given to such 

 "practical jokes" as making false statements regarding circumstances 

 under which specimens are obtained, or deftly concealing desirable objects 

 in places where they are being sought. This is particularly the case 

 when a pecuniary reward awaits an interesting discovery. 



SECTION II. 

 ENCLOSURES, ROADWAYS, MOUNDS. 



Casual mention had been made concerning earthworks by various 

 travelers, in connection with short descriptions of mounds, but the first 

 comprehensive account of them was given by Squier and Davis in their 

 report on " The Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley." The 

 publication of this volume called general attention to the existence in 

 Ohio and, to a less extent, in the adjoining states, of a class of prehistoric 

 remains differing in character from those belonging to any other part of 



the country. 



In Ohio, works of this kind fall in three separate classes:— the heavy 

 embankments of earth peculiar to the level or low lands of the southern 

 half of the state; the larger hill-top fortifications composed of earth and 

 stone in varying proportions, confined mainly to the same localities as 



