CHAPTER XI. 



IMPLEMENTS, ETC. 



The more common tools needed, are the shove 1 , the spade, 

 and the hoe, for digging holes, transplanting, and cultivating 

 the ground. Tho rake is useful in mixing manures with 

 the soil for filling the remote parts -vc large holes. 



INSTRUMENTS. 



The pruning-knife, fig. 47, is a large hooked knife, for 



removing useless branches. 



The pruning-saw is needed 



in taking off larger limbs; 



\ attached to a handle seve- 



Fig. 47. ral feet long, it will reach 



those at a distance from the ground. The direction of the 



teeth should be the re- 

 '"-""■'" : - -■'-'-■-■■>- verse of the common 

 saw ; that is, they should 

 Fig- 48. point towards the ope- 



rator, constituting what is called the draw-saw, fig. 48. Be- 

 ing thus only subject to a ■pulling strain, it does not require 



~ so thick a blade as a 



thrust-saw, with tl» 

 teeth in the usual wa 

 For this reason, it ', 

 less liable to become 

 broken or twisted. The 

 Fig- *»• bow-saw, fig. 49, is a 



light saw for cutting near the ground. 

 The prumng-chisel may differ but little from those "of a 



common carpenter, fixed 



■to the end of a long pole 



"or handle, for cutting off 



small branches at a con- 



Fi e- sa siderable height. It is 



placed against a limb, and the stroke of a mallet separates it 



