32 FISHERIES ARBITRATION AT THE HAGUE 



"Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union between the States of 

 New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay," 



and so forth. The date is the 9th July, 1778. 



"Article I. The style of this confederacy shall be, 'the United States of 

 America.' 



"Art. II. Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, 

 and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this confederation 

 expressly delegated to the United States in Congress assembled. 



"Art. IV. The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and 

 intercourse among the people of the different states in this Union, the free 

 inhabitants of each of these states, paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from 

 justice excepted, shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of free 

 citizens in the several states." 



Then the articles go on to put into the United States of America 

 the entire treaty-making power, making the United States sov- 

 ereign internationally. But you will perceive that there rather 

 , the dominant idea was that citizenship was citizenship of the several 

 states, and that the relation to the international organization was 

 that of the inhabitants of the country who were citizens of the 

 several states. 



Indeed, they had little to guide them. You go back to the 

 Roman State and citizenship; the privilege of civis Romanus sum 

 related but to the little town on the banks of the Tiber rather than 

 to the great world-wide political organization, and vast numbers 

 of people — • the great majority of the people who really made up 

 the political organization of the Roman Empire — had no privileges 

 of citizenship. Go farther back, to the Greeks, and there was no 

 such thing as citizenship of the Achaean League or the Delian Con- 

 federacy; and people then were very much in the habit of thinking 

 about what they had done in Rome and Greece. They were trying 

 to work out a theory of government, of association, without a 

 sovereign, and about the best models they could get were those 

 drawn from classical precedents. 



Now a type has emerged. When, in 1787, the people in the 

 United States came to make a new constitution, they found that 

 this loosely compacted organization, in which municipal sovereignty 

 was deemed everything, was too weak, and that they must make a 

 stronger central sovereign, and from that came the type of national 



