ARGUMENT OF MR. ROOT 33 



sovereignty, national citizenship. But they had not reached that 

 point then, and so they used a comprehensive word which went 

 just as far as their conception of organization had gone, endeavor- 

 ing to cover the same idea which would have described the people 

 of Austria and Hungary as subjects of Francis Joseph, and which 

 would have described the people of Scotland, England and Wales, 

 and Berwick-on-Tweed as subjects of His Majesty King George. 



I will call your attention to the fact that when these negotiators 

 of 1824 met to make a formal protocol about the rights of the 

 United States under the treaty of 1818, the protocol I have just 

 referred to, they said, "The citizens of the United States were 

 clearly entitled under the convention of October, 1818," etc. That 

 was signed by Mr. Rush, one of the negotiators of 1818, and Mr. 

 Huskisson and Mr. Stratford Carming, who were most skillful and 

 fully informed negotiators, on the part of Great Britain, and it 

 shows that they regarded the terms as being convertible. 



The President: Would it be possible to say, having reference 

 to Article 4 of the Articles of Confederation, that in the sense of the 

 treaty of 1818 only the citizens of the thirteen states were to be 

 considered as inhabitants of the United States? Then the con- 

 cept of "inhabitants of the United States" would be identical with 

 the concept of citizens of one of the thirteen states; or, notwith- 

 standing this Article 4, and notAvithstanding the protocol you have 

 just referred to, would the concept of "inhabitants of the United 

 States" be a larger one than the concept of the citizens of the 

 thirteen states? 



Senator Root: I should think that there was no idea of limi- 

 tation to the citizens of the thirteen states, for several reasons. 

 In the first place, it was well known that in 1783 the territory which 

 was included within the boundaries then estabUshed by that treaty 

 covered a vast area not included within the limits of the original 

 states. The inhabitants of the United §tates, or the inhabitants 

 whp were to have this right, included a great area not strictly within 

 the state limits. It was property held under the rights of the 

 different states and ceded to the United States. Then, when you 

 come to 1818, there had already been an enormous enlargement 

 beyond that. Louisiana had been purchased in 1803, and there 



