CONTENTS. 



IX 



PAGE. 



XII. Past Succebbzon. The Ceneo- 

 SEBE — Cont. 



The Cenophyiic Bra. 



The Flora: 



Nature and origin 351 



Relation to Mesophytic and Paleophytic 



floras 351 



Inferences from distribution 352 



Inferences from phylogeny 353 



The Life-forms: 



The record 354 



Methods of inference 354 



Dominants 355 



Structure of the vegetation 366 



Climates and Habitats: 



Relation of habitat to climate 357 



Deformational and climatic cycles 359 



Periods and epochs 359 



The Ceneosere: 



The Cretaceous period 360 



Life-forms and dominants 361 



Cretaceous seres and coseres 363 



The Cretaceous-Eocene clisere: 



The deformation cycle 364 



Vegetation zones 365 



Dominants of the Eocene 365 



The Oligocene-Miocene clisere ; 



The deformation cycle 365 



Coseres and cliseres 366 



The Pleistocene cliseres and coseres : 



The deformation cycle 368 



The causes of glaciation 368 



Glaclal-interglacial cycles 371 



The Pleistocene flora 371 



Pliocene climax zones 372 



The Jerseyan-Af tonian clisere 372 



Seres and coseres 376 



Postglacial succession 377 



The Peat Clistase 378 



XIV, Mebeoserb and Paleoseee. 



The Mesophytic Era. 



The flora 404 



Composition of the flora 404 



Life-forms and dominants 405 



Structure of the vegetation 406 



Deformation and climatic cycles 406 



Climate of the periods 408 



The Meseosere. 



Permian succession 409 



Triassic succession 411 



Jurassic succession 412 



The Cycadean climax 413 



Comanchean succession 414 



XIV. Mebeosere and Palbosebe — Cont. 



The Paleophytic Era. 



The flora 417 



Life-forms and dominants 419 



Structure of the vegetation 419 



Deformational cycles and climates 419 



The Paleoaere. 



The sere 420 



The cosere 421 



The clisere 422 



XV. The Invebtiqation or Sucoebsion. 



Primary methods 423 



Special methods 424 



The Quadrat Method. 



Concept and significance 424 



Kinds of quadrats 425 



List quadrat 425 



Chart quadrat 426 



Permanent quadrat 427 



Denuded quadrat 429 



Quadrat series and sequences 429 



Various quadrats 430 



The transect 430 



The bisect 432 



The migration circle 433 



Methods of Mapping. 



Methods 435 



Commimity charts and ecotone maps 435 



Survey maps 436 



Climax maps 436 



Instrumental Methods. 



General considerations 437 



Measurement of reactions 438 



Measurement of water reactions 438 



Measurement of light reactions 439 



Growth Methods. 



Ring counts 440 



Burn-scars 441 



Tables of Geneha 443 



Tables of Life Fobmb and Dominants. . 462 



BiBLIOQEAPHY 473 



IiniEx 499 



