CONTENTS. 



PAOB. 



Preface iii 



List of illustrations x 



I. Concept and Causes of Succession. 



The formation an organism 3 



Universal occurrence of succession 3 



"Viewpoints of succession 3 



Succession and sere 4 



Sere and cosere 4 



Processes in succession 4 



Cause! of Succession. 



Relation of causes 5 



Kinds of causes 5 



Proximate and remote causes 5 



Essential Nature of Succession. 



Developmental aspect 6 



Functional aspect 7 



II. General Historical Summaby. 



Early Investigations. 



King, 1685 8 



Degner, 1729 9 



Buffon, 1742 9 



Biberg, 1749 10 



Anderson, 1794 10 



De Luc, 1806 10 



Rennie, 1810 12 



Dureau, 1825 13 



Steenstrup, 1842 14 



Reissek, 1856 16 



Vaupell, 1857 17 



von Post, 1861 17 



Gremblich, 1876 18 



MilUer, 1878-1887 19 



Other investigations 19 



Recent Investigations. 



Blytt, 1876 21 



Hult, 1885-1887 22 



Warming, 1891 23 



MacMillan, 1894^1896 24 



Warming, 1895 25 



Graebner, 1895 25 



Pound and Clements, 1898-1900 26 



Schimper, 1898 26 



Cowles, 1899 27 



Cowles, 1901 28 



Clements, 1902-1904 29 



Clements, 1904 29 



Friih and Schroter, 1904 29 



Clements, 1905-1907 30 



Moss, 1907-1910 30 



Clements, 1910 31 



Cowles, 1911 31 



Shantz, 1911 31 



Tansley, 1911 31 



MacDougal, 1914 32 



PAOE. 



III. Initial Causes. 



Significance of bare areas 33 



Modifications of development 33 



Processes as causes 34 



Change of conditions 34 



Fundamental nature of water-content 34 



Kinds of initial causes 35 



Physiography 36 



Topographic Causes. 



Topographic processes 36 



Kinds of processes 37 



Base-leveling 38 



Erosion. 



Nature 39 



Agents of erosion 39 



Rate and degree of erosion 40 



Fragmentary and superficial erosion 40 



Bare areas due to water erosion 41 



Bare areas due to wind erosion 41 



Bare areas due to gravity 41 



Bare areas due to ice action 41 



Deposit. 



Significance 42 



Agents of deposit 42 



Manner of deposit 43 



Rate and depth of deposit 43 



Place of deposit 44 



Distance of transport 44 



Fragmentary and local deposit 45 



Sterility of deposits 45 



Bare areas due to deposit by moving water . . 45 



Bare areas due to waves and tides 46 



Composition and water-content of alluvial 



deposits 46 



Bare areas due to deposit by ground waters ... 46 



Bare areas due to deposit by wind 47 



Deposit by ice and snow 47 



Bare areas due to deposit by glaciers 47 



Bare areas due to deposit by ice and snow ... 48 



Bare areas due to deposit by gravity 48 



Bare areas due to volcanic deposits 49 



Ponding and draining 49 



Kinds of lakes and ponds 50 



Life-history of a lake 50 



Drainage 51 



Elevation and Subsidence. 



Elevation and subsidence 52 



New areas due to elevation 52 



Subsidence 52 



Earthquakes 64 



Similarity of topographic processes 54 



Edaphic Causes. 



Nature 55 



