256 



SUCCESSION IN EURASIA. 



Pallis (245) employs the following diagram (fig. 17) to represent the serai 

 relations of open water, swamp, fen, and carr in East Norfolk: 



' Ultimate cart 



t 



rSubmariti 

 fen pasi 



Fen carr 



itime y Yi 



Fen association (X 

 (Bure valley ^pe) 



T 



Fen association /3 

 (Yare valley type) 



Transitional 

 assoclatiojis 



Grass fen CC -■ 



(Yare) | 



Grass fen i3 « 



(Bure) 2. 



Grass fen 7 

 (Bure, Yare 



and Waveney) 



5 C 



Alluvial % Z 



Loam pasture— "^ 

 association ^ 



Swamp carr 



Closed reed swampCK 

 ( Typha and Phragmites ) 



Closed I'eedsv^nnp/? 5. 

 (Glyceria and Phalaria) » 



Open reed sv^amp 



i Carex paniculata. 



C. acutiformis i 



Open reed swannp 

 (Typha and Phragmltes ) 



t 



Open reed swamp 

 ( Scirpus iacustris ) 

 with rooted floatlrig-leaf association 



Freefioatlne association 



Submerged-leaf association 



t 



-1 



Open water ' 



Fig. 17.— Hydrosere in Norfolk, England. After PaUis. 



Rankin (250) has determined the succession in lowland peat-moors to be 

 the following (figs. 18 and 19) : 



ESTTTARINE MoORS. 



BetuLeium tomentoaae (birchwood). 



Birch thicket. 



Birch scrub. 



Callunetum vtdgaris (heather moor). 



Eriophoro-Callunetum. 



Eriophoretum vaginati (cotton-grafis moor). 



Sphagnetum cymbifolii (Sphagnum moor). 



Existing Eriophoretimi. 



5. Eriopharum peat, 3 inches. 



46. Upper grey spongy Sphagnum peat, , 

 3 feet. 



4a. Lower Sphagnum peat, 3 to 7 feet. 

 Mixed brown peat (Eriophorum, 

 CaUuna, and Sphagnum). 



Red slimy Sphagnum peat. 



Wood-peat, 9 inches (Betvla and- 

 Pinus) in situ. 



Fen-peat, 3 to 4 feet {Phragmites, 

 Cladium, Sdrpus, Carex, etc. 



1. 



Drifted timber (oak, etc.). 

 Basement clay. 



^jM^, 



Fig. 18. — Generalized section of peat of Lonsdale estuarine moors. After Rankin. 



