1 8 THOMAS HEJNKY tlUAJLJil 



Huxley had already commenced his long friendship 

 with Hooker, and that with Tyndall began in connection 

 with the British Association Meeting of 1 85 1, held at 

 Ipswich. His close intimacy with these two fellow- 

 workers had no small influence upon his career, and meant 

 very much in many crises of his after life. To the lay 

 public, "Huxley and Tyndall" long stood for science at 

 large, as well as for scientific heterodoxy. 



The following scientific memoirs appeared in 1852 : — 



1. " On the Anatomy and Development of Echinococcus 

 veterinorum" (Proc. Zool. Soc, xx, 1852, pp. rio-26. 

 Sci. Mem., i, xix, p. 197). — This is an important contri- 

 bution to the morphology of yet another animal group, 

 the tape-worms (Cestoda), part of the heterogeneous 

 assemblage of parasitic forms, which, under the name of 

 Entozoa, were included in the Radiata. Huxley minutely 

 described the tape-worm stage known as Echinococcus, 

 which is found as a large compound cyst in the liver of 

 various hoofed mammals (and at times in man), and com- 

 pared it with the simpler cysts of other tape-worms. 

 His work and that of Von Siebold's (quoted in this paper) 

 established beyond question that the cyst in question is 

 an earlier stage in the life-history of a tape-worm which 

 infests the intestine of the dog. 



2. "Researches into the Structure of the Ascidians" 

 (Brit. Assoc. Rep., 1852, pp. 76-7. Sci. Mem., i, xviii, 

 p. 194). — Huxley's previous researches upon Ascidians 

 (Tunicates) had given him a unique knowledge of the 

 group, and this short communication embodies various con- 

 clusions arrived at when cataloguing the British Museum 

 collection. It is particularly noteworthy that he com- 

 pares the branchial sac of Ascidians with the perforated 

 pharynx of the Lancelet {Amphioixus), for this foreshadows 

 the brilliant discovery subsequently made by Kowalewsky 



