202 THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY 



being added or discarded largely with reference to their 

 importance as supplying the necessary facts upon which 

 to base general principles. He was also succeeded by 

 Hooker as Treasurer of the x Club. On the other hand 

 he was appointed a Trustee of the British Museum. 



An article on the " Industrial Struggle for Existence," 

 made its appearance in the Nineteenth Century for February 

 (Coll. Essays, ix, p. 195). The reality of the struggle 

 for existence in its direct relation to mankind is em- 

 phasized, and undue pessimism, as well as undue optimism, 

 deprecated. Human societies involve problems of special 

 kind, for: — 



"... society differs from nature in having a definite moral 

 object ; whence it comes about that the course shaped by the 

 ethical man — the member of society or citizen — necessarily runs 

 counter to that which the non-ethical man-^the primitive savage, 

 or man as a mere member of the animal kingdom — tends to 

 adopt. The latter fights out the struggle for existence to the 

 bitter end, like any other animal ; the former devotes his best 

 energies to the object of setting limits to the struggle." 



The evolution of civilization is sketched, and the 

 industrial problems of the present considered. To suc- 

 ceed in the competition with our trade rivals, our goods 

 must not only be relatively good, but reasonably cheap. 

 Hence labour must be paid at moderate rates, but wages 

 cannot be reduced below a certain point. Successful 

 competition also necessitates a state of social stability. 

 The physical and moral welfare of the working-classes 

 must be promoted, as well as their education in the 

 ordinary sense. A scheme of technical education is, 

 detailed, involving the principles and including the sub- 

 jects already prominently brought forward in previous 

 addresses and essays. 



The long-delayed Obituary Notice of Darwin for the 



