INTERNAL WORK. 343 
that obtained when all the muscles were as perfectly relaxed as 
possible. The results per hour were: 
Lying inbed ................... 24.94 grams 
Complete muscular relaxation... .. 20.72“ 
- Furthermore, there is more or less muscular exertion involved 
during the waking hours in maintaining the relative position of the 
different members of the body. This is notably true of the effort 
of standing. In experiments with the respiration-calorimeter 
under the writer’s direction* the heat production of a steer per 
minute while standing and lying was found to be approximately 
as follows: 
Lying, Standing, Ratio, Lyi 
| tater | Staging: | Rayo, tyne to 
Period A..... aaitasdeanecere ots 5.322 7.031 1:1.321 
Te GBB ited thot ayes aes tun see 5.781 7.700 1: 1.332 
SN weet cate canada aie 6.310 8.177 1: 1.296 
ame D Pees eirs ee ere 6.605 8.495 1: 1.286 
Zuntz ¢ found an even greater difference in the case of the dog, 
the average oxygen consumption per minute being— 
LVANE geceiak Pe ee Peake Sees 174.3 c.c. 
Standine nc. asvaiese casa pedew see ays 245.6 
In experiments of any considerable duration on normal animals 
it is impossible to avoid more or less expenditure of energy in this 
incidental muscular work, while it is often a matter of difficulty 
to make the different periods of an experiment comparable in this 
respect. 
GLANDULAR WorK.—The activity of the various secretory, ab- 
sorptive, and excretory organs may be conveniently summarized 
under this head. While the purpose of the glandular metabolism 
is, in the majority of cases, primarily a chemical one, the accom. 
plishment of this purpose involves an expenditure of energy which, 
* Proc. Soc Prom. Agr. Sci , 1902. 
+ Arch. ges. Physiol , 68, 191. 
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