THE UTILIZATION OF ENERGY. 533 
Experiments of 1886-91.—In the experiments thus far de- 
scribed, with the exception of the last, the proportions of grain and 
coarse fodder in the rations were not widely different, the latter 
furnishing on the average fully one half of the dry matter fed. 
Consequently the experiments were not calculated to bring out any 
difference in the nutritive value of the two such as is indicated by 
the results of the one trial with hay alone. 
Grain vs. Coarse Fopprr ror MainTeNANcr.—The results 
obtained by Grandeau & LeClere upon the maintenance ration of 
the horse when fed a mixture containing about 75 per cent. of 
grain fully confirm the indications of Wolff’s trial with hay. 
Their experiments have been very fully discussed, and in part 
recalculated, by Wolff * in their bearing on this question. The 
three horses experimented on were fed two different amounts of 
the same mixture in several different thirty-day periods, eighteen 
such periods in all being available for comparison. In all of them 
the animals were led daily, at a walk, over a distance of about four 
kilometers. Wolff estimates the amount of work of locomotion by 
means of the formula x(-) v and by subtracting the equivalent. 
amount of nutrients from the total digested obtains the amount re- 
quired for maintenance. The results are as follows: 
Nutrients| For Maintenance. 
No. of Live Digested | Equiva- 
Experi- Weight, | Nutrients,} lent to 
ments. Kgs. Grms. Work, Per Per 
Grms. Head, | 500 Kgs., 
Grms. Grms. 
Heavier Ration : 
Horse I........ 3 416.6 3553 110 3443 4132 
aan h eeeeere ce 5 405.9 3432 108 3324 4078 
BE Te secs 4 439.0 3625 119 3506 3994 
Average......]....... 420.5 3537 112 3425 4068 
Lighter Ration : 
Horse II....... 2 411.0 3060 108 2952 3636 
cee! A i omen 4 441.2 3310 119 3191 3617 
Average......|....... 426.1 | 3185 114 | 3071 | 3626 
The results, and particularly those on the lighter ration, which 
appeared ample for maintenance, are much lower than those com- 
* Landw. Jahrb., 16, Supp. JII, 73-81. 
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