WATER BIRDS. 73 
X. Back grayish brown more or less cross- 
lined or pencilled with white. Canvas- 
back (female). No. 44. 
XX. Back grayish brown without cross- 
lines or pencillings of white. Red- 
head (female). No. 43. 
UUU. Speculum pure white. Y, YY. 
Y. Head mainly black, with blue, violet or green re- 
flections. d, dd. 
d. A conspicuous white spot on each side of 
head. ee, ee. 
e. White spot round or oval. Whistler 
(male). No. 48. 
ee. White spot more or less triangular 
(Fig. 24) Barrow’s Goldeneye. 
(male). No. 49. 
dd. No white on head. f, ff. 
f. Black of head glossed with green, 
flanks pure white without cross- 
lines. Greater Blue-bill (male). 
No. 45. 
ff. Black of head glossed with purple, 
flanks distinctly cross-lined with 
dusky. Lesser Bluebill (male). 
No. 46. 
YY. Head and neck mainly brown. gg, gg. 
g. A white face or “mask” formed by 
feathers about base of upper mandible. 
h, hh. 
h. Larger birds. Greater Bluebill (fe- 
male). No. 45. 
hh. Smaller birds. Lesser Bluebill (fe- 
male). No. 46. 
gg. No white face or mask, but a more or less 
distinct white ring or collar around 
lower neck, separating the brown of 
the neck from the gray chest. i, ii. 
i. White collar narrower. Barrow’s 
Goldeneye (female). No. 49. 
ii. White collar broader. Whistler. (fe- 
male). No. 48. 
30. Goosander. Mergus americanus (Cass.). (129) 
Synonyms: American Merganser, Shelldrake, Fish Duck, Big Sawbill, Big Shelldrake, 
Greater Merganser, Buff-breasted Shelldrake.—Mergus merganser, Wilson, 1814, and most 
writers.—Mergus americanus, Cass., 1853, Baird, 1858.—Merganser americanus, A. O. 
U. Check-list, 1895. 
In full plumage the male is at once recognized by its dark green head 
and neck, with short, bushy occipital crest, and under parts white more 
or less shaded with salmon. The largest of the three species of ‘“saw- 
billed ducks. ’” ; ; 
Distribution.—North America generally, breeding south in the United 
States to Pennsylvania and the mountains of Colorado and California. 
Bermuda. 
