226 MICHIGAN BIRD LIFE. 
interscapulars, inner secondaries and wing-coverts usually edged or tipped with buffy 
white and often with large spots of black; each‘feather of lower back, rump and upper 
tail-coverts with a lance-shaped or heart-shaped shaft spot of grayish white; neck ruffs 
clear sooty black, with greenish or purplish metallic gloss at the tip; tail rusty brown to 
clear gray, crossed at regular distances by 6 to 9 narrow black bars, followed by a broad 
sub-terminal black or brownish black band, and tipped by speckled gray or grayish white. 
Chin and upper throat clear buff, the lower feathers more or less tipped with dusky; re- 
mainder of under parts white, grayish white, or buffy white with numerous cross-bars of 
deep buff, brown or black, these bars strongest and darkest on sides and flanks, often 
obscure on breast and belly. Female: Similar, but somewhat smaller; the ruff smaller, 
duller and more brownish, the dark bars below less distinct. Iris hazel, bill dark brown, 
feet dark horn-color. 
Length 15.50 to 19 inches; wing 7 to 7.50; tail 5.50 to 7. 
Fig. 62. Foot of Ruffed Grouse, in summer and in winter (at right). 
Reprinted from Chapman’s Bird Life, by courtesy of D. Appleton & Co. 
123. Canada Ruffed Grouse. Bonasa umbellus togata (Linn.). (300a) 
Synonyms: Northern Ruffed Grouse, Canadian Ruffed Grouse, Spruce-woods Ruffled 
Grouse (not Spruce Grouse).—Tetrao togatus, Linn., 1766. 
Separable from the common Ruffed Grouse by its somewhat larger 
size, decidedly grayer upper parts and tail, and the heavier, more distinct 
dark bars of the under parts. It also as a rule shows more black on the 
upper surface and a decided absence of rufous on the same areas; typical 
examples, however, can scarcely be named without comparison, even 
by experts. 
Distribution.—The spruce forests of northern New England, northern 
New York, and the British Provinces, west to Oregon, Washington and 
British Columbia, north to James Bay. 
The occurrence of this subspecies in Michigan has been a matter of 
doubt ever since its description by Ridgway in 1885. Various writers 
have stated more or less positively that it was found in the colder parts 
of the state, but in most cases specimens have not been examined by 
competent authorities. Even now we do not feel sure that typical togata 
is found anywhere in the state, although it seems highly probable that birds 
from the spruce forests of the eastern part of the Upper Peninsula may prove 
to belong to this race. 
It is included in Mr. Wood’s list of birds observed in the Por- 
cupine Mountains, Ontonagon county (Ecology of Northern Michigan, 
1906, p. 114), and Mr. Wood writes me that the specimens collected 
by the party at that time (summer of 1904) were identified as togata by 
