LAND BIRDS. 391 
KK. Bill conical, longer, its height at base 
equal to or less than one-half the 
culmen (Fig. 106). M, MM. 
M. Birds 6 to 12 inches long, the wing 
(except in the Orchard Oriole) 
always exceeding 34 inches. 
Family 55. Icteride. Orioles 
and Blackbirds. 
MM. Birds 43 to 74 inches long, the 
>— wing seldom exceeding 3 inches, 
i never more than 34 inches. 
ser dae Family 63. Mniotiltide. Wood 
aed: Warblers. 
FF. First primary about one- 
half the length of the -—> 
longest (Fig. 145). N, NN. 
(See also FFF). 
N. Tail-feathers with soft, ig doly 
rounded tips. O. OO. 
O. Wing less than 4.75 inches. P, PP. 
P. Head crested. Tufted Titmouse. Family 70. 
Paride. 
PP. Head not crested. Family 67, Troglodytide, 
Wrens, and Family 66, Mimide, Thrashers. 
OO. Wing 5 inches or more. Family 53. Corvide. 
Crows and Jays. 
NN. Tail-feathers stiff, sharp-pointed. Family 68. 
Certhiide. Creepers. 
FFF. First primary not more than one-third as long as the 
longest (Fig. 151). Q, QQ. 
Q. First primary about one-third as long as the longest. 
R, RR. 
R. Wing less than 2} inches. Family 72. Sylviide. 
Kinglets and Gnatcatchers. 
RR. Wing more than 24 inches. Family 70. Paride, 
Chickadees, and Family 69, Sittide, Nut- 
hatches. 
QQ. First primary not more than one-fourth as long as 
the longest (Fig. 151). Family 73. Turdide. 
Thrushes and Bluebirds. 
Suborder CLAMATORES. Songless Perchers. 
Family 51. TYRANNIDA. Flycatchers. 
A large family of interesting birds, represented in Michigan by only nine 
or ten species. All are insect eaters of the best type, and most of this food 
is taken on the wing, the structure of the entire bird being specially adapted 
for this work. A characteristic action is the selection of a particular 
perch from which the flycatcher makes sudden sallies to capture pass- 
ing insects with an audible snap of the bill, returning directly to the chosen 
