650 MICHIGAN BIRD LIFE. 
found almost anywhere, but is rather more partial to the lower growths 
than the heavy woodlands, and is not often seen at any great height. 
Its song is loud, clear and characteristic, but not readily described so 
as to be recognizable. Seton Thompson writes it ‘“rup-it-che, rup-it-che, 
rup-it-chitt-it-lit.” It is a very active bird, constantly catching insects, 
sometimes from twigs and leaves, but often also on the wing. 
Throughout the northern half of the state it is by no means uncommon 
during the summer, and it breeds abundantly in suitable places. O. B. 
Warren states that it is a common nester in Marquette county, and 8. E. 
White found it a common resident on Mackinac Island in 1890 and 1891, 
where ‘its loud song was heard in every patch of evergreens, and the 
young birds left the nest from July 2 to July 8.” Widmann found it near 
Petoskey in Emmet county, feeding young July 20, 1901, and Mr. Newell 
A. Eddy took a nest and four eggs near Bay City, Bay county, June 2, 
1885. Members of the University of Michigan expedition to Ontonagon 
county noted the bird frequently in July, and on July 13 one with an 
insect in its bill, apparently feeding young, was noted. On Isle Royale, 
the following summer, similar evidence of nesting was obtained. The 
writer found it fairly common on Beaver Island, Charlevoix county, and 
at Marquette, Munising and Grand Marais, in July 1903. It is also one 
of the abundant breeding warblers on Grand Island, Lake Superior, ac- 
cording to Mr. E. A. Doolittle. 
The nest is said to be placed on the ground usually, and to be similar 
to that of the preceding species, Wilson’s Blackcap. Near Listowel, Ontario, 
Mr. Kells found the Canadian Warbler breeding in low damp woodlands 
and the nest placed “in cavities of upturned roots of trees, and in the 
depressions in banks near streams of water” (McIlwraith, Birds of Ontario, 
1894, 383). Mr. E. 8. Currier, however, near Leach Lake, Minnesota, 
found nests differently placed. He says: ‘In 1902 I saw only two nests, 
but in 1903 I saw several. The nest seen in 1902 was placed in a clump 
of long dead grass, and almost on the ground after the manner of a Yellow- 
throat. It was composed entirely of long dry grass without any dead 
leaves, while those seen in 1903 were built principally of long dead leaves. 
The other nests varied considerably in situations, most of them being 
several inches above the ground, in low growths—one at least ten inches 
up. One nest seen in 1903 was placed on the ground at the side of a stock 
path in a dense growth of wild currants, and was the only one completely 
hidden. The number of eggs laid was usually four, and in only one case 
did I see five” (Auk, XXI, 1904, 43). Ridgway describes the eggs as 
colored like those of the Hooded Warbler, that is, white or buffy white, 
speckled with reddish brown and lilac-gray, and averaging .68 by .51 
inches. 
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION. 
Adult male: Upper parts mostly bluish-ash, the feathers of the forehead and crown 
with black centers, the forehead often entirely black; lores, incomplete ring around the 
the eye, and most of the under parts, bright yellow; a black line running from the base of 
the bill along the sides of the throat and joining a broad belt of black spots and streaks 
which encircles the breast like a necklace; wings and tail unmarked; under tail-coverts 
white. Female similar, but with little or no black, the forehead being brownish’or grayish, 
but slightly spotted, and the spots forming the necklace across the breast sparse and ashy. 
Length 5 to 5.75 inches; wing¥2.50_to 2.65; tail 2.20 to™2.40. 
