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XVI. Further Observations on the Organization of the Fossil Plants of the Coul- 
Measures,—Part TI. The Roots of Calamites. 
By W. C. Witutamson, LL.D., F.RS., Emeritus Professor of Botany in the Owens 
College, Manchester, and D. H. Scorr, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Honorary Keeper 
of the Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Gardens, Kew. 
Received October 31,—Read November 15, 1894. 
[Puates 15-17. ] 
Introduction. 
UntIL quite recently our knowledge of the roots of the Calamites has been very 
scanty and limited to such characters as can be seen with the naked eye, in 
specimens preserved as casts and impressions. LinpLEY and Hurton,* in 1833, 
figured a Calamite with two branching roots, inserted immediately above the nodes 
of the stem in which they were borne, besides other more doubtful specimens of the 
same kind.t 
Many similar casts have been observed by more recent investigators. GRAND’ Eury, 
for example, has figured numerous specimens of Calamutes, bearing roots, both on 
their rhizomes and their upright stems. So far as his figures show, the roots are 
always inserted exactly at the nodes.{ 
C. E. Wetss has given an excellent account of the external appearance and arrange- 
ment of Calamitean roots, with extremely clear figures.§ In some of the specimens 
which he has illustrated the insertion of the verticillate roots on the nodes of the 
stem is quite evident. The central cylinder of the roots can be easily traced and is 
seen to be continuous with the vascular bundles at the node.|| In other cases the 
* ¢ Fossil Flora of Great Britain,’ vol. 1, Plates 78 and 79. 
+ See also Wittiamson, “ Organization of the Fossil Plants of the Coal-Measures,” Part I., 187], 
‘Phil. Trans.,’ Plate 28, fig. 35. 
{ Grano’ Evry, ‘ Flore carbonifére du dépt. de la Loire,’ 1877, Plates 1, 2, and 3. 
§ C. E. Wriss, “ Steinkohlen-Calamarien,” Part I, 1876, and Part II., 1884; published in ‘ Abhand- 
lungen zur geologischen Specialkarte von Preussen.’ 
|| See especially Part IT., Plate 2, fig. 2. 
MDCCCXCV.—B. 472 ‘18, 12.95 
