LIST OF PLATES 
Frontispiece. Pine sap, or false beech drops (Monotropa Hypop- 
itys), a saprophytic seed-plant without chlorophyll, and with 
scales instead of foliage leaves. 
Facing page 
Pirate I. Aérial roots of a banyan tree. This tree, a species of 
Ficus, usually begins its life as a seedling in the crown of a palm 
tree. It soon sends slender roots to the earth, and as these 
penetrate the soil the banyan grows rapidly and soon destroys 
the palm. A banyan tree has been known to cover with its 
columnar roots a diameter of three hundred feet and reach a 
height of eighty feet in seventy-five years, from the seed . 
Puate Il. Cocoa palms, showing the nearly cylindrical form of the 
stems, their unbranched mode of ane and the ve crown 
at the summit of the stem 
Puate III. Pollarded poplars, divaike at ft dendee Gin 
from dormant or from adventitious buds 3 J 
Pirate lV. Japanese ivy, a tendril climber, showing an irregular 
set of leaf-mosaics, each leaf arranged at the most ad 
angle for the reception of sunlight 5 : 
Puiate V. An opening in a tropical forest, dine danse vegeta- 
tion due to heat and moisture. Aérial roots abound. The 
forest floor in the foreground is covered with shade plants 
whose broad leaves fully utilize the light supply . 
Prate VI. A California desert with a tree yucca (Clistoyucca 
arborescens) in the foreground. This is one of the most con- 
spicuous xerophytes of the deserts of the extreme southwestern 
United States 5 é é . : . 
Pruate VII. American mistletoe, parasitic on a cottonwood tree. 
The photograph is taken in winter, so that all the foliage shown 
is that of the parasite . : 2 
Puate VIII. American cypress (Tetoittun), a iieavophiile. The 
conical ‘‘cypress-knees”’ in the foreground are outgrowths from 
the roots, supposed by some to absorb oxygen and convey it to 
the submerged roots . , : 5 3 . . ‘i . 
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