THE STUDY OF TYPICAL FLOWERS 145 
Observe that there is a set of outer flower-leaves and a set of inner 
ones.1_ Label the outer set sepals and the inner set petals. In most 
flowers the parts of the outer set are greenish, and those of the inner 
set of some other color. It is often convenient to use the name 
perianth, meaning around the flower, for the two sets taken together. 
Note the white waxy bloom on the outer surface of the outer seg- 
ments of the perianth. What is the use of this? Note the manner 
in which the inner segments of the perianth arise from the top of the 
peduncle and their relation to the points of attachment of the outer 
segments. In a flower not too widely opened, note the relative posi- 
tion of the inner segments of the perianth, — how many wholly out- 
side the other two, how many wholly inside, how many with one edge 
in and one edge out. 
Remove one of the sepals by cutting it off close to its attachment 
to the peduncle, and examine the veining by holding it up in a strong 
light and looking through it. Make a sketch to show the general 
outline and the shape of the tip. 
Examine a petal in the same way and sketch it. 
Cut off the remaining portions of the perianth, leaving about a 
quarter of an inch at the base of each segment. Sketch the up- 
right, triangular, pillar-like object in the center and label it pistil ; 
sketch the organs which spring from around its base and label these 
stamens. 
Note the fact that each stamen arises from a point just above and 
within the base of a segment of the perianth. Each stamen consists 
of a somewhat conical or awl-shaped portion below, the filament, sur- 
mounted by an ovate linear portion, the anther. Sketch one of the 
stamens about twice natural size and label it x 2. Is the attach- 
ment of the anther to the filament such as to admit of any nodding 
or twisting movement of the former? In a young flower, note the 
two tubular pouches or anther-cells of which the anther is composed, 
and the slits by which these open. Observe the dark-colored pollen 
which escapes from the anther-cells and adheres to paper or to the 
fingers. Examine a newly opened anther with the microscope, using 
the two-inch objective, and sketch it. 
Cut away all the stamens and note the two portions of the pistil, 
a triangular prism, the ovary, three roughened scroll-like objects at 
1 Best seen in a flower which is just opening, 
