ROSE FAMILY 121 
XI. GEUM L. 
Erect perennial herbs. Basal leaves crowded, pinnate, with 
a very large terminal leaflet. Flowers and fruit much as in 
Potentilla, but the akenes tailed with the remains of the styles. 
B. Fl. species 5 (Steversia). 
1. G. canadense Jacq. Wuite Avens. Stem erect, branching 
above, smooth or finely downy, 18-24 in. high. Basal leaves pin- 
nate, or the earliest simple and rounded, long-petioled, serrate or 
dentate ; terminal lobe larger than the lateral lobes; stem leaves 
short-petioled, 2-5-lobed or -parted. Flowers on slender peduncles. 
Petals white, not longer than the sepals. Styles jointed near the 
middle, the lower portion persistent and hooked. Ovaries and recep- 
tacle hairy; head of fruit globose. Rich woods.* 
2. G. virginianum L. Stem 2-3 ft. high, stout and bristly-hairy. 
Lower leaves and basal leaves pinnate, varying greatly; upper leaves 
mostly of 3 leaflets or 3-parted. Petals white or pale yellow, small, 
shorter than the calyx lobes. Heads of fruit large, on stout, hairy 
peduncles; the receptacle nearly or quite smooth. Borders of woods 
and damp thickets. 
3. G. macrophyllum Willd. Larcre-Leavep Avens. Stem stout, 
erect, bristly-hairy, 1-3 ft. high. Basal leaves lyrate-pinnate, the 
terminal portion much the largest, kidney-shaped or heart-shaped ; 
lateral leaflets 3-6, with smaller ones between. Flowers terminal, 
yellow. Style 1-4 in. long, downy below. In low grounds. 
4. G. rivale L. Water Avens, Purpte Avens, CHOCOLATE 
Root. Stem 14-2 ft. high, somewhat downy or hairy, simple or 
nearly so. Basal leaves lyrate and somewhat pinnate, with the divi- 
sions irregular; stem leaves few, of 3 leaflets or 3-lobed. Flowers 
rather large. Petals purplish-yellow, as long as the brownish-purple 
calyx lobes. Styles long, purplish; stigmas thread-like, feathered 
with soft hairs, especially in fruit. Wet meadows. 
5. G. triflorum Pursh. Lone-PLumep Purpte Avens. Softly 
downy, scapes 6-18 in. high. Basal leaves petioled, tufted, pinnate; 
the larger leaflets obovate or oval, cut-toothed, with many smaller 
ones between. Flowers 3-8, light purple. Styles 14-2 in. long. In 
dry or rocky soil. 
XII. RUBUS L. 
Mostly prickly shrubs, producing runners. Leaves alternate, 
simple or compound; stipules united to the petiole. Flowers in 
terminal and axillary clusters, rarely solitary, white (in one 
American species (No. 3) purple rose color). Calyx hypogynous, 
