162 KEY AND FLORA 
2. V. cucullata Ait. MarsH BiuE VioLer. Leaves acute, except 
the earliest ones. Petal-bearing flowers violet blue, with a darker cen- 
ter; peduncles usually longer than the leaves, the spur-bearing petal 
smooth. Sepals narrowly lanceolate, with long ear-like appendages. 
Cleistogamous flowers borne on erect or ascending peduncles. Cap- 
sule not much longer than the sepals. Wet ground, common. 
3. V. papilionacea Pursh. Common BivuE VioLet, Dooryarp 
VioteT. Plants usually strong and vigorous from a thick horizontal 
rootstock, usually smooth. Leaves bright green, cordate at the base, 
somewhat triangular or rounded and pointed. Scapes at the time of 
flowering longer than the leaves. Petals dark violet-purple, white or 
greenish-yellow at the base, the one with a spur often narrow and 
boat-shaped. Capsules from the cleistogamous flowers borne on hori- 
zontal peduncles and often underground, but rising as they mature. 
Very common about dwellings and gardens. 
4. V. palmata L. Earty Buur Viotet. Usually downy. Petioles 
much longer than the blades; leaves, except the earliest ones, cordate- 
ovate, with 5-9 variously toothed or cleft segments; the petioles and the 
veins of the under surface very hairy. Scapes not usually longer than 
the leaves. Sepals lanceolate, acute or taper-pointed. Petals violet- 
purple, occasionally pale. Capsules from the cleistogamous flowers 
borne on horizontal or deflexed peduncles. In dry, rich woodlands. 
5. V. sororia Willd. Woorty Buug Viotet. In size and appear- 
ance much like No. 8. Leaves ascending, mostly ovate or roundish- 
ovate, pointed, cordate at the base, crenate, densely soft-hairy when 
young. Peduncles hairy; petals varying from violet to lavender. 
Cleistogamous flowers on short prostrate peduncles. Moist meadows 
and rich woods. 
6. V. fimbriatula Sm. OvatrE-Leavep VIOLET. Rootstock usu- 
ally erect, at length long and stout. Petioles generally shorter than 
the blades; leaves varying from ovate-lanceolate to oblong, usually 
slightly crenate, truncate or almost cordate at the base. Petals blue, 
bearded. Capsules of the cleistogamous flowers borne on erect 
peduncles. In dry woods. , 
§ 2. Leafy-stemmed perennials 
7. V. pubescens Ait. Downy YELLow VioLet. Soft-downy, 6-12 
in. high. Basal leaves ovate-kidney-shaped, soon withering; stem 
leaves broadly heart-shaped, toothed, pointed, with large stipules. 
Flowers yellow, somewhat purple-veined, with a short spur. In dry 
woods, common. , 
8. V. scabriuscula Schwein. SmooTHisH YELLOw VroeT. Like 
V. pubescens, but smaller, greener, and less downy. Stems decumbent 
or ascending. Basal leaves broadly ovate, usually persistent through 
