MADDER FAMILY 227 
4. P. Purshii R. & S. Annual. White-woolly or silky. Scapes 
slender; leaves linear, usually 3-nerved; spikes dense, cylindrical, and 
very woolly; bracts stiff, as long as the flowers or slightly longer. 
Capsule 2-4-seeded, somewhat longer than the calyx. On dry prairies- 
and plains W. and S.W. : 
5. P. aristata Michx. LarGe-Bractep Pruanrain. Annual. 
Leaves broadly linear, entire or sparingly and finely toothed, nar- 
rowed below into a margined petiole, smooth or silky-downy. Scape 
longer than the leaves, 6-10 in. high; spike dense. Bracts linear, 
1-1 in. long. Stamens 4. Capsule 2-seeded, longer than the calyx. 
Common on dry soil.* 
6. P. heterophylla Nutt. Many-Serprp PiantTain. Annual. 
Leaves linear, fleshy, entire or with a few spreading teeth, smooth 
or slightly downy. Scapes slender, 3-6 in. high; spike very slender, 
many-flowered, the lower flowers often scattered. Bracts ovate, longer 
than the sepals. Stamens 2. Capsule twice the length of the calyx, 
many-seeded. Common in cultivated ground, especially S.* 
95. RUBIACEH. Mapper Famity 
Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves opposite and entire, with 
stipules between them, or appearing whorled since the stipules 
resemble the leaves. Flowers epigynous, always bisexual, fre- 
quently dimorphous (as in Houstonia, Mitchella, and Bou- 
vardia). Limb of the calyx 3~6-toothed. Corolla regular, 
inserted on the calyx-tube, as many-lobed as the calyx. Sta- 
mens equal in number to the divisions of the corolla. Ovary 2 
or more celled. A very large and important family, of which 
many of the noteworthy species, for instance the coffee shrub 
and the cinchona tree, are natives of warm or tropical climates. 
I. GALIUM L. 
Annual or perennial herbs ; stems slender, 4-angled. Leaves 
appearing whorled. Flowers small, in axillary or terminal 
cymes or panicles, bisexual or rarely dicecious. Calyx tube 
short, the teeth minute or wanting. Corolla wheel-shaped, 3— 
4-lobed. Stamens 3-4, short. Ovary 2-celled; styles 2, short, 
united below. Fruit 2 united, sometimes fleshy, 1-seeded car- 
pels, which do not split open.* 
