28 THE SHEEP AND ITS COUSINS 



typical goats, the two groups are closely connected 

 by intermediate species, and some of the domesti- 

 cated breeds of sheep are so goat-like in appearance 

 that it is often a matter of difficulty to determine to 

 which genus they belong. In all goats, so far as is 

 known, the males carry a beard on the chin, and 

 exhale the well-known powerful " goaty " odour ; 

 whereas these of sheep lack both these attributes. 

 The males of most species of wild goats differ, as 

 we have already seen (page 14), from those of 

 sheep by the spiral of the horns being twisted in 

 the opposite direction ; but this character fails to 

 distinguish between the two groups, because, as is 

 likewise mentioned in the passage cited, Pallas's 

 tur of the Caucasus, which carries a tuft on the 

 chin and is classed as a goat, has the same turn of 

 horn as in the red sheep and the blue sheep or 

 bharal. Neither can a hard and fast line be drawn 

 from the presence or absence of face-glands and 

 foot-glands. In the more typical sheep, as already 

 stated, these glands are fully developed, although 

 those of the face tend to become small in the big- 

 horn sheep of Kamchatka and North America. In 

 the North African arui or Barbary sheep glands 

 are, however, absent from the face and the feet ; 

 while the bharal has likewise no face-glands, and, 

 at the most, small and apparently functionless rudi- 

 ments of the foot-glands.* Goats also lack the face- 



' See Pocock, Proc, Zool. Soc. London, 1910, pp. 862 and 863. 



