Todd-Carrikee : Birds of Santa Marta Region, Colombia. 69 



Chanuupelia passerina albivitta, Scardafella squammata ridgwayi, 

 Psittacula passerina cyanophanes, Eupsittula pertinax aruginosa, 

 Chlorostilbon caribceus, Leucippus fallax fallax, Pascilurus candei ven- 

 esuelensis, Synallaxis albescens perpallida, Pyrocephalus rubinus satu- 

 ratuSj PhcBomyias murina incomta, Mimus gilvus columbianus, Poliop- 

 tila plumbiceps, Heleodytes minor albicilius, Cyclarhis flavipectus 

 ■canticus, Icterus icterus ridgwayi, Saltator orenocensis rufescens, 

 ' Richmondena phcenicea, Tiaris bicolor omissa, Sicalis flaveola flaveola, 

 Arremonops tocuyensis, and Coryphospingus pileatus brevicaudus, with 

 numerous others of more general distribution. Water birds for the 

 most part are conspicuous by their absence, while only ten species of 

 all kinds are common to both this region and the Cienaga Grande 

 section. 



Piedmont, or Upper Tropical. — The Piedmont belt may be said to 

 occupy that part of the Tropical Zone lying above a mean altitude of 

 1,000 feet, at least under normal conditions. There 'are circum- 

 stances under which its upper limit may drop lower, as when it 

 follows the course of a stream down from the hills. It has been 

 studied mainly in the San Lorenzo district, and in the northern foot- 

 hills of the Sierra Nevada proper. In this latter part, by reason of the 

 greater humidity and consequent lower temperature, as already ex- 

 plained, all the zones have moved downward more or less, so that the 

 Piedmont belt practically overlaps the Littoral, and the Subtropical 

 Zone occupies the place of the former to a large extent. The Pied- 

 mont belt contains few species of its own, but is rather characterized 

 by the forms which it lacks as cor^pared with the Littoral.'-^ The 

 number of species which occur within its limits is thus decidedly 

 smaller than in the Littoral, and there is a gradual diminution with 

 the increasing altitude. Species of both arid and humid predilections 

 are included, with many which are common to both. 



In this connection it rnay be well to consider the fauna of the 

 humid forest of the north coast, which is completely cut off by many- 

 is Unquestionably some of the forms in the list of Tropical Zone species 

 are incorrectly allocated in this respect. For instance, Mr. Smith sent in a 

 great many birds labelled " Bonda " which the junior author never met with 

 so low down, and which it is all but certain were not collected in that im- 

 mediate vicinity. For this reason considerable allowance must be made for 

 the list as it stands, based as it is on data from all sources indiscriminately. 

 In a few cases, however, these " Bonda " records have been disregarded. 



