Todd-Carriker : Birds of Santa Marta Region, Colombia. 95 



vegetation as is found consisting of gnarled and stunted trees and open 

 shrubbery, and this only in limited quantities. The summit of the 

 San Lorenzo is high enough to catch a certain number of Temperate 

 Zone forms, and it appears that the causes which have induced the 

 lowering and overlapping of the zonal limits in the Sierra Nevada 

 are not operative here, nor yet on the south slope of the main range, of 

 which, however, little is yet known. The upper altitudinal limit of 

 the Temperate Zone is even more difficult to fix with any degree of 

 precision, because of the fact that so many of its characteristic forms 

 range upward into the Paramo Zone, while the species of the latter 

 zone are apt to be found lower down than is ordinarily the case in 

 the Colombian Andes. We may, however, settle upon an arbitrary 

 limit of 11,000 feet to mark the upper boundary of the Temperate 

 Zone, while admitting that it is variable to a considerable extent. In 

 the subjoined list such forms as habitually range down into the Sub- 

 tropical Zone are indicated by an asterisk, while those that enter the 

 Paramo Zone are similarly indicated by a dagger. 



Birds of the Temperate Zone. 



*Amazona mercenaria *Semimerula cacozela 



*-\Systellura ruficervix *Cinclus rivularis 



*Metallura districta *Henicorhina leucophrys anacho- 

 fRamphomicron dorsale reta 



Grallaria rufula spatiator Orochelidon murina cyanophcea 



*Scytalopus latebricola Hemispingus basilicus 



Heliochera rubrocristata Conirostrum rufum 



*Mecocerculus leucophrys seto- Diglossa nocticolor 



phagoides Idiospiza oreophila 



\Octhceca poliogastris ^Catamenia alpica 



Octhodiata pernix *BracKyspiza capensis peruviana 

 *Orodynastes striaticollis striati- Spinus spinescens capitaneus 

 collis 



Faunal Affinities. — The disproportion between the life of the Tem- 

 perate Zone and that of the other zones, considered collectively, is 

 even greater than in the case of the Subtropical. Compared with the 

 same zone as represented in the Colombian Andes the discrepancy 

 is also conspicuous. Expressed in numbers, in the Santa Marta region 



