Todd-Carriker : Birds of Santa Marta Region^ Colombia. 401 



the Santa Marta series, it is evident that the latter represent a 

 well-marked race, to which the subspecific name sanctce-martcs has re- 

 cently been applied by the present writer. It differs from the typical 

 form in the following particulars : the size averages a little larger ; the 

 upper parts are darker, more olivaceous, less brownish; the under 

 surface is also darker, light brownish olive rather than isabella-color ; 

 and the black of the head and throat in the male is not so sharply de- 

 fined posteriorly, gradually passing into the color of the back and 

 breast. In this latter respect the form resembles T. olivater roraimce 

 Salvin and Godman of British Guiana, but this is a much lighter- 

 colored bird, as shown by the plate in Seebohm and Sharpe's Mono- 

 graph of the Turdidce, and by a direct comparison of specimens for 

 which the writer's thanks are due to Mr. C. E. Hellmayr. In com- 

 paring specimens of thrushes care must of course be used to choose 

 only those in good plumage, wear producing marked variations in 

 color, and often in wing- and tail-measurements. Five adult males 

 average: wing, 121; tail, 98.5; bill, 23; tarsus, 31. Five adult males 

 of true olivater in comparable condition from the vicinity of Caracas, 

 Venezuela, average: wing, 115; tail, 91; bill, 22; tarsus, 29. 



In Juvenal plumage, illustrated by two specimens from Las Vegas, 

 May 28, and one from Cincinnati, June 16, the lower parts are rich 

 buffy, spotted and barred with dusky, in irregular pattern, most thickly 

 on the breast; the back has very narrow buffy shaft-streaks; and the 

 wing-coverts are tipped with triangular spots of ochraceous. There 

 is no trace of the black head at this stage. Two specimens from Cin- 

 cinnati, July 4, are in postjuvenal moult. In what appears to be im- 

 mature (first winter and first nuptial) dress the black throat of the 

 male is less " solid," owing to the paler edgings of the feathers. 



This is a species which in this region ranges from the upper edge 

 of the Tropical into the Subtropical Zone, or from about 4,000 to 

 7,000 feet, wherever there is forest, being most numerous, however, 

 between 4,000 and 5,000 feet. It is fairly abundant throughout its 

 lange, but is confined almost exclusively to the forest, although it 

 seems to have adapted itself to the coffee-plantations and the shade- 

 trees to some extent. During the heat of the day it is rarely observed, 

 but is always in evidence, if present, in the early morning and espe- 

 cially just before dusk, at which time its vocal efforts are most fre- 

 quently heard. The song much resembles the evening song of the 



