48 Animal Husbandry 
sloping well into the back, thus strengthening the back and ex- 
tending the length of the underline. The high action of the coach 
horse and the long-reaching clean action of the roadster depend 
much on a long oblique shoulder. 
83. Arms. — Among light horses the arm should be short and 
comparatively upright, giving the animal an upstanding appear- 
ance. 
84. Elbows. — The elbow should work snugly alongside the 
animal ;\if too closely “tied in,” as it is termed, the toes are 
usually thrown out; if turned out, the toes are likely to be thrown 
in. 
85. Fore-arms. — These should be long, wide, and well muscled. 
The muscles should be well developed and stand: out distinctly 
just below the junction of the leg and body and taper gracefully 
downward. 
86. Knees. — The knees should be wide, deep, and straight. 
They should be much broader in front than the remainder of the leg, 
either above or below. The bone forming the projection at the 
back of the knee should be prominent, since this gives a better at- 
tachment for the muscles and tendons, which pass over it, thereby 
giving the leg a deeper appearance and increasing the efficiency. 
87. Cannons. — Cannon-bones should be short, wide, clean, and 
the tendons well detached. The back tendons should be parallel 
to the cannon-bones, and there should be no shrinking below the 
‘knees, as this indicates weakness. The cannon should be free 
from bony growths and puffiness. 
88. Fetlocks. — They should be clean, free from fullness due to 
wind-galls, and should be wide, giving favorable attachments to 
the tendons. 
89. Pasterns.— The pasterns should be sloping and strong. 
When the horse is standing, they should form an angle of 45 
degrees with the floor and 135 degrees with the cannons. The up- 
right pasterns cannot resist concussion, and bone diseases, such 
as ring-bones, side-bones, and the like, are the result. Again, it 
