100 Animal Husbandry 
shoulders, with sore shoulders as the result. To avoid this sore- 
ness, it is necessary that the stiff collar be adjusted to the shoulders 
of the horse for which it is intended. 
Every horse should have his own collar. It should fit close to 
the neck along its entire width and should never be tight in some 
places and loose in others. The hame-straps should be properly 
adjusted at top and bottom to suit the shape of the horse’s neck. 
Be sure at all times that the lower hame-strap is buckled as tightly 
as the thickness of the neck will permit. Occasionally the careless 
Fic. 43.— Types of collars: (1) leather; (2) half sweeney : (3) steel; (4) pneumatic ; 
(5) humane. 
driver fails to buckle the hames tightly, and when the horse is 
backed, the hames slip off the collar. 
171.. Breast harness. — For light driving, breast harness is 
permissible and is to be preferred for such light rigs as runabouts 
and buggies. In the adjustment of breast harness, care should 
be taken that the neck strap is not so long as to let the breast 
harness drop and interfere with the action of the fore limbs. On 
the other hand, the neck strap should not be so short as to draw 
the breast harness up and choke the animal. The breast harness 
is intended for light work only, and if the load is heavy, the 
horse may choke. This is particularly true in ascending a 
steep grade. 
172. Fitting the back-strap and crupper. — Perhaps next in 
importance to the bit and collar is the crupper. If the back- 
