Judging Cattle 131 
recognized (Fig. 58). The intervals between the appearance of the 
succeeding pairs vary much according to the conditions, but can 
be stated as approximately nine months, perhaps more rather 
than less. In general the age of the animal at the time each pair 
is up and in full wear may be estimated as follows: — 
First or middle pair of permanent teeth. . . . . . . 18 months 
Second or first intermediate pair of permanent teeth . . . 27 months 
Third or second intermediate pair of permanent teeth . . . 36 months 
Fourth or lateral pair of permanent teeth . ee 2 45 months 
If there is a variation from this table, the cow is likely to be older 
rather than younger than the teeth indicate according to the ages. 
In fact, some authors say the first pair of permanent teeth appear 
at two years of age; the second pair at three; the third pair at 
four; and the fourth pair at five years of age. 
210. Examination of the horns. — The horns of cattle are often 
used in estimating the age. During the first two years the horns 
grow rapidly, and in this time they make approximately their 
entire growth. After two years of age, the growth is slow, and 
each year’s addition is marked by a more or less distinct ring. 
The first ring does not make its appearance until the animal is 
approximately three years old. The age is estimated, therefore, 
by adding two to the number of rings present. 
JUDGING DAIRY CATTLE 
In the judging of a dairy cow, all points that have any relation 
to milk production and symmetry of form should be considered. 
In order that no part escape notice, some system must be followed 
in judging an animal, and this system can be acquired by the use 
of the score-card. The methods of using the card and rules of 
scoring are similar to those suggested in scoring the horse (p. 40). 
211. Score-card for dairy cattle. —- While each breed of dairy 
cattle has its own scale of points varying in detail, they are also 
similar to the following: — 
