Judging Cattle 185 
much attention. Vigor is estimated by the expression, by the 
condition of the hair and hide, and by the chest capacity. The 
expression of the eyes, ears, and head should be mild and lively, 
and the animal should be on the alert. The chest capacity should 
be large, particularly across the floor. A good way to note the width 
of the floor of the chest is to place the hand along the chest between 
the front legs, as the width between the front legs should be great. 
Narrowness between the front legs is objectionable for the reason 
that it indicates lack of constitution. 
216. Temperament. — The dairy cow should have a good tem- 
perament. Among cattle there are two divisions of temperament: 
the nervous and lymphatic. Ina cow of the former temperament, 
the nervous organization is strong and well developed, while a cow 
of lymphatic temperament is sluggish in disposition and inclined to 
fatten. For the dairy we desire a cow of nervous temperament, 
one that is sensitive and active, possessing greatest vitality, and 
that is capable of giving all organs the greatest producing powers. 
DETAIL CHARACTERISTICS OF A DAIRY COW 
217. Head.—A dairy cow should have a long, lean, and feminine 
head. There should be freedom from coarseness and heaviness. 
The face should be prolonged, lean, and the features distinct. 
The poll should be prominent and the forehead broad. The eyes 
should be mild, bright, and full. The nostrils should be large, 
permitting of the free passage of air. The ear should be of medium | 
size, fine quality, and of an orange color inside. The horn should 
be rather small and free from coarseness, especially at the base. 
218. Neck. — This should be rather long, slim, and fine, carry- 
ing the head gracefully. There should be freedom from fullness 
and heaviness. The windpipe should be rather prominent, espe- 
cially up nearthethroat. While the neck should have a neat attach- 
ment at the head and shoulders, it should not blend so smoothly 
as in beef cattle, because of the lack of flesh. 
