NATURALIST IN INDIA. 127 



to this part of the country and the lower Himalayan ranges ; 

 it has evidently been much disintegrated and denuded in the 

 plain, and here and there ahuts in the form of large hare 

 masses on the sides of ravines or irregular hogs-backs and 

 rugged prominences observable south-west of Eawul Pindee. 

 The great depth of the alluvium of the surrounding country, 

 especially towards the Himalayas, may in part result from the 

 disintegration of the sandstone, which is friable and easily 

 broken up. 



In Afghanistan, or even in Kohaut, one of the trans-Indus 

 districts, the wUd raspberry and blackberry are common. At 

 Gundamilk, in the former country. Bums discovered white 

 daisies, clover, and forests of pine. Even at Eawul Pindee the 

 fauna more resembles that of Northern Europe and Asia than 

 the ^uth. It is, as it were, on the confines of two great 

 regions, which differ in their fauna and flora, and partakes 

 more or less of both. The migrations of its birds are there- 

 fore very interesting, as thereby we are enabled to trace the 

 goings and comings of many species, and find out the habi- 

 tats and distribution of individuals, whose existence before 

 was limited to the districts they frequented. Take, for instance, 

 the common European jackdaw, which may be seen in flocks in 

 winter in the northern frontier of the Punjaub, associated with 

 the Cornish chough and the rook. The first two come from 

 Cashmere, where I have found them in great abundance 

 during the summer ; but the rook, if ever seen in Cashmere, is 

 only a cold-weather visitor. I believe it comes from the west, 

 inasmuch as it is said to be common in Afghanistan. It ap-" 

 pears at Eawul Pindee in flocks about the beginning of Sep- 

 tember, and disappears entirely in March. I believe it is 

 found in winter as far south as Lahore. The hooded-crow has 

 been brought from Northern Afghanistan, and is mentioned 



