Cholera Sms, Hog Cholera, etc. 39 



tion of the intestinal mucosa and of that of the stomach and of 

 other parts, — ^by a profuse foul, hquid diarrhoea, by enlargement 

 of the lymph glands with congestion and blood extravasation, — 

 by effaceable blotches, and petechise (ineffaceable) of the skin, 

 snout and visible mucosae, with a tendency to necrotic changes — 

 less frequently by pulmonary congestions, and degeneration, — and 

 by a high mortality. 



Synonyms. The earlier designations were mostly drawn from 

 the red or black discoloration of the skin and mucosae and ap- 

 plied indiscriminately to the other forms of hsemorrhagic sep- 

 ticaemia which we now differentiate as erysipelas (rouget, Roth- 

 lauf) and swine plague. They included measles, erysipelas, 

 scarlatina, red soldier, purples, blue sickness, car buncular fever, etc. 

 Others basing their nomenclature on the prominent intestinal 

 lesions, etc. , designated it typhoid fever, pig typhoid, typhus, car- 

 buncular g astro- enteritis, pneumo- enteritis, and, diphtheria. Bven 

 in Europe while the pig erysipelas {rouget, Rothlauf) is now 

 recognized as a distinct disease there is no clear distinction made 

 between hog cholera, and swine plague. In England we find these 

 more or less confounded under the names of swine fever, swine 

 plague and hog cholera, and on the continent of Europe under 

 those of schweineseuche and schweinepest, or pneumo- enteritis in- 

 fectieuses. Differences in different epizootics or outbreaks are 

 recognized, and the field is left open for the future identification 

 of different forms of this common group of swine fevers, but the 

 existence of constant bacteriological distinctions are not always 

 insisted on, as we do in the United States in the case of the two 

 great leading types swine-plague and hog cholera. 



History. Definite history of this disease may be said to begin 

 with the discovery and demonstration of the actively motile hog 

 cholera bacillus by the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry in 1885. 

 Yet in the history of animal plagues, even in early times, deadly 

 epizootics are described which undoubtedly represented one or 

 other of the contagious affections of modern times. Among the 

 more definite may be named a destructive gastro-enteritis (magen 

 seuche) in Germany in 1817, a pleuro-pneumonia in France and 

 Bavaria in 1821, a cholera with blotching of the skin (morbus 

 niger) in Ireland, and an erysipelas in pigs in France and 

 Switzerland in 1836, and in Ohio in 1833, there was a fatal 



