Strangles, Infectious Rhino-adenitis. 123 



in a stable or locality, and the uniform coincidence of a profuse 

 nasal catarrh, and the formation between the branches of the 

 lower jaw, of a diffuse, hot, painful swelling rapidly advancing 

 to suppuration and discharge are virtually conclusive. Simple 

 catarrhs even if infective and attacking all young horses do not 

 cause phlegmon of the sub-maxillary lymph glands as occurs in 

 the great majority of cases of strangles. Glanders which is at- 

 tended by both nasal discharge and sub-maxillary swelling, is 

 slower in its onset, usually with little or no fever, has usually a 

 more adhesive discharge, ragged, unhealthy ulcers on the nasal' 

 mucosa with a disposition to extend, often it shows cord-like 

 thickening of the lymphatics on the side of the face, and the sub- 

 maxillary swelling is smaller, made up of a number of small, 

 hard, insensible rounded nodules which show virtually no 

 tendency to suppurate. (See diagnosis of glanders). In cases 

 of doubt it may be advisable to inoculate a Guineapig and a 

 white mouse. The Guineapig resists a small dose, while the 

 mouse forms abscess in the seat of inoculation and the dependent 

 lymph glands. The Guineapig is very susceptible to glanders, 

 and the white mouse immune. Or mallein may be used. 



Prognosis. The mild type of strangles almost invariably termi- 

 nates favorably. In the irregular types with internal abscess the 

 prospect is grave in ratio with the size and multiplicity of the foci 

 and the vital importance of the organ invaded. In 15,421 cases 

 collected by Friedberger and Frohner, and representing the total 

 in a series of outbreaks, but 3 per cent, proved fatal. Much, how- 

 ever, depends on the special potency of the germ. Horses con- 

 tracting this in a particular year or from a given stable in the 

 same year convey the disease to others in a malignant form, while 

 others that contracted it in another year or a different stable 

 infect with the mild form only. 



Prevention. In the older countries horsemen too often accept 

 strangles as inevitable. They expect that all horses will have it 

 sooner or later, and it is not worth while to guard against it. 

 The too absolute doctrine of the identity of the germ with the 

 microbe of erysipelas, puerperal fever, contagious pneumonia, 

 influenza, of the suppurations of the limbs and feet in sheep and 

 cattle, and other streptococcic infections seems to corroborate this 

 view. But on the other hand the absence of strangles from given 



