Cattle Plague. 673 



tries of Europe, and, following the course of war, entered Italy in 

 1735, and extended westward. Again in 1740 in connection with 

 the war of the Austrian Succession it extended westward invad- 

 ing the Western Countries from France to Denmark inclusive, 

 and once more extended into England, where it prevailed until 

 1756 and caused an unprecedented destruction. It was finally 

 stamped out as on the previous invasion. During this invasion 

 Europe lost 3,000,000 head of cattle (Delafond). In 1770 an- 

 other invasion of Great Britain occurred through the landing of 

 infected Dutch hay at Portsoy, N. B., but this was quickly sup- 

 pressed by the destruction of every bovine animal in the infected 

 herds, and the thorough disinfection of premises, supplemented 

 by a daily scrutiny of all cattle within a radius of 18 miles. In 

 the second half of the i8th century cattle plague prevailed more 

 or less generally in all Continental Europe, except Norway, Sweden 

 and the Spanish peninsula, into which no cattle were imported, 

 and carried off 200,000,000 head of cattle (Freidberger and Froh- 

 ner). In 1796 to 1816 the cattle plague followed the marches and 

 countermarches of the various armies in connection with the 

 French revolution and the Napoleonic wars, causing unheard of 

 losses through Europe. In 1827 it spread widely in connec- 

 tion with the war of independence in Greece, and again in 1830-1 

 a wide extension occurred in connection with the Polish revolu- 

 tion. In 1844 Russia lost 1,000,000 head of cattle. In 1841 a 

 shipment of Roumanian and Anatolian cattle to Alexandria, 

 Egypt, carried the plague and in two years upwards of 350,000 

 head of Egyptian cattle perished, only a few being left. From 

 this date the great development of manufactures in the Western 

 European nations, and especially in Great Britain, the consequent 

 increasing demand for beef, and the inauguration of rapid transit 

 from Eastern Europe by steamer and rail, introduced an era of 

 the extension of the cattle plague by commerce rather than war, 

 and Roll gives the losses in Austria alone in 1847 to 1864 at 

 500,000 head. In 1865 a cargo of cattle from Revel on the Baltic, 

 landed the infection at Hull, whence it speedily extended over the 

 entire country, and prevailed for 18 months, but was stamped out 

 by vigorous measures of destruction and disinfection. In all 

 279,023 head were reported attacked of which 233,629 died or were 

 killed and 40,165 recovered. In 1865 the plague was once more 

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