194 



ANCIENT PLANTS 



Carruthers, i86. 



Casts of fossil plants, 8, 9, ^, 10, 3, 4, 

 II, 12. 



— of seeds, 11, 12. 



— treatment of specimens of, 184. 

 Casuarina, 83. 



Cells, similarity of living and fossil types 



of, S3- 



— principal types of, 53 et seq., 22-33. 

 Cell wall, 47, 77. 



Centrifugal wood, 97, 65. 

 Centripetal wood, 97, df, 116 

 Chara, 16. 

 Characese, 163. 

 Cheirosirobus, 159, //(J, 160. 

 Chloroplast, 47, 7^7. 

 Coal, origin of, 29 et seq. 



— of different ages, 33. 



— seams in the rocks, 24, 13, 14. 



— vegetable nature of, 25 et seq. 



— 17, Chap. Ill, p. 22 et seq. 



"Coal balls", 18, 19, 10, 20, 21, 22, 27, 

 IS, 163, 185. 



mass of, in coal, 28, 16. 



Coal Measures, climate of, 172. 

 Companion cells, 57, 32. 

 Concretions, 21, 22, 27, /y, 28. 



— concentric banding in, 27, ij. 

 Conducting tissue in higher plants, 49, 



ig, 50, 20. 

 Coniferales, conflicting observations 

 among, 46. 



— general distribution in time, 177. 



— male cell of, 52. 

 Corallina, 166. 

 Cordaitess, 39-88, 112. 



— comparison of fructifications with those 



of Taxese, 95. 



— description of family, 92. 



— general distribution in time, 177. 

 Cordaites, 40, 107, 176. 



— fructification of, 95, 96, 64. 



— internal cast of stem, 10, 4, 93, 94, 95. 



— leaves of, once considered to be Mono- 



cotyledons, 82, 93. 



— leaves of, 93, 61, 94, 62K. 



— possible common origin with Ginkgo, 



102. 



— wood of, 94, tfsB. 



Cork, 56, 2g. 



— cambium, 56, 2g. 

 Cross fertilization, 179. 

 Cupressese, 88, 90. 



— description of, 91. 

 Cycadeoidea, 103. 



Cycads in the Mesozoic period, 40, 41, 

 42, 113. 



— description of group, 109. 



— general distribution of in time, 177. 



— in Tertiary period, 85. 



— large size of male cones of, no. 



— seeds of, 112. 



— type of seed of, 76, sj. 



— wood of, no. 

 Cycas, 109, no, 7^. 



— seed-bearing sporophyll of, in. 



— seeds of, 112, 76. 



— comparison with Ginkgo seeds, 112. 



Darwin, 181. 

 Diatoms, 167, 121. 

 Dicotyledons, 41, 44, 79. 



— relative antiquity of, 81, 82. 



— seed type of, 77, 38. 

 Differentiation, commencement of in 



simple plants, 48. 



— of tissues in higher plants, 49, jg, 50 



et seq., 20. 



Embryo of Ginkgo, 100. 



— in seeds, 76, 57, 77, sS- 



— of Bennettites, 106, 7J. 

 Endodermis, 55, 26, 61. 

 Environment, 181, 182. 

 Epidermal tissues, 54, 2j, 22, 23, 125. 

 Epidermis cells, fossil impressions of, 13, 



14. S, S9, 34, 125. 

 Equisetales, 44. 



— general distribution of in time, 177. 

 EquUetites, 146, 103. 



Equisetum, 9, 38, 40, 44, 145, I49> IS^- 



— underground rhizomes of, 43. 

 Eucalyptus, 83. 



Europe, 87, I02. 



— ancient climates of, 170. ' 

 Evolution, 43. 



— in plants, various degrees of in the 



organs of the same plant, 45 et seq. 



