148 BACTEEIA IN SOIL 



be gained from a knowledge of the number of spores present in 

 a soil relative to the total number of bacteria. This is a point 

 which demands further inquiry, especially by the periodic investi- 

 gation of examples of different classes of soils. The method is to 

 take 1 c.c. of such a soil'emulsion as that just described, add it 

 to 10 c.c. of gelatin, heat for ten minutes at 80° C. to destroy 

 the non-spored bacteria, plate, incubate, and count as before. 



Besides the enumeration of the numbers of bacteria present in 

 a soil, an important question in its bacteriological examination 

 lies in inquiring what kinds of bacteria are present in any par- 

 ticular case. Practically this resolves itself into studying the 

 most common bacteria present, for the complete examination of 

 the bacterial flora of any one sample would occupy far too much 

 time. Of these common bacteria the most important are those 

 from whose presence indications can be gathered of the con- 

 tamination of the soil by sewage, for from the public health 

 standpoint this is by far the most important question on which 

 bacteriology can shed light. 



Bacillus mycoides. — This bacillus is 1"6 to 2"4 p. in length, and about 

 •9 /j. in breadth. It grows in long threads which often show motility. 

 It can be readily stained by such a combination as cavbol-thionin, and 

 retains the dye in Gram's method. All ordinary media will support its 

 growth, and, in surface growths on agar or potato, spore formation is 

 readily produced. Its optimum temperature is about 18° C. On gelatin 

 plates it shows a very characteristic appearance. At first under a low 

 power it shows a felted mass of filaments throwing out irregular shoots 

 from the centre, and later to the naked eye these appear to be in the 

 form of thick threads like the growth of a mould. They rapidly spread 

 over the surface of the medium, and the whole resembles a piece of wet 

 teased-out cotton wool. The gelatin is liquefied. 



Cladothrices. — Of these several kinds are common in the soil. The 

 ordinary cladolhrix dicJiotoma is among them. This organism appears 

 as a colourless flocculent growth with an opaque centre, and can be seen 

 under the microscope to send out into the medium apparently branched 

 threads which vary in thickness, being sometimes 2 p. across. They 

 consist of rods enclosed in a sheath. These rods may divide at any 

 point, and thus the terminal elements may be pushed along the sheath. 

 Sometimes the sheath ruptures, and thus by the extrusion of these 

 dividing cells and their further division the branching appearance is 

 originated. Reproduction takes place by the formation of gonidia in the 

 interior of the terminal cells. These gonidia acquire at one end a bundle 

 of flagella, and for some time swim free before becoming attached and 

 forming a new colony. Houston describes as occurring in the soil another 

 variety, which with similar microscopic characters appears as a brownish 

 growth with a pitted surface and diffuses a Bismarck-brown pigment into 

 the gelatin which it liquefies. 



A few experiments made with an ordinary field soil will, however, 

 familiarise the worker with the non-pathogenic bacteria usually present. 

 We have referred to these two because of their importance. In regard 



