EXPRESSION OF EMOTIONS IN MAN AND ANIMALS. 263 



explicable, as far as I can see, solely from being in com- 

 plete opposition or antithesis to the attitude and move- 

 ments which, from intelligible causes, are assumed when 

 a dog intends to fight, and which consequently are ex- 

 pressive of anger. 



OEIGIN OF THE PEINCIPLB OF ANTITHESIS. 



We will now consider how the principle of 

 ^^ ' antithesis in expression has arisen. With so- 

 cial animals, the power of intercommunication between 

 the members of the same community — and, with other 

 species, between the opposite sexes, as well as between the 

 young and the old — is of the highest importance to them. 

 This is generally effected by means of the voice, but it is 

 certain that gestures and expressions are to a certain ex- 

 tent mutually intelligible. Man not only uses inarticu- 

 late cries, gestures, and expressions, but has invented 

 articulate language ; if, indeed, the word invented can be 

 applied to a process completed by innumerable steps, half- 

 consciously made. Any one who has watched monkeys 

 will not doubt that they perfectly understand each other's 

 gestures and expression, and to a large extent, as Kengger 

 asserts, those of man. An animal when going to attack 

 another, or when afraid of another, often makes itself 

 appear terrible, by erecting its hair, thus increasing the 

 apparent bulk of its body, by showing its teeth, or bran- 

 dishing its horns, or by uttering fierce sounds. 



As the power of intercommunication is certainly of 

 high service to many animals, there is no a priori improb- 

 ability in the supposition that gestures manifestly of an 

 opposite nature to those by which certain feelings are 

 already expressed should at first have been voluntarily 

 employed under the influence of an opposite state of feel- 



