MEANS OF THE EXPRESSION OF THE EMOTIONS. 271 

 A STAETLED HOESB. 



Expressions The actions of a horse when much startled 

 tions^ "" ^^^ liigMy expressive. One day my horse was 

 page 130. much frightened at a drilling-machine, covered 

 by a tarpaulin, and lying on an open field. He raised 

 his head so high that his neck became almost perpen- 

 dicular ; and this he did from habit, for the machine lay 

 on a slope below, and could not have been seen with more 

 distinctness through the raising of the head ; nor, if any 

 sound had proceeded from it, could the sound have been 

 more distinctly heard. His eyes and ears were directed 

 intently forward; and I could feel through the saddle 

 the palpitations of his heart. With red, dilated nostrils 

 he snorted violently, and, whirling round, would have 

 dashed off at full speed, had I not prevented him. The 

 distention of the nostrils is not for the sake of scenting 

 the source of danger, for, when a horse smells carefully 

 at any object and is not alarmed, he does not dilate his 

 nostrils. Owing to the presence of a valve in the throat, 

 a horse when panting does not breathe through his open 

 mouth, but through his nostrils ; and these consequently 

 have become endowed with great powers of expansion. 

 This expansion of the nostrils, as well as the snorting, 

 and the palpitations of the heart, are actions which have 

 become firmly associated during a long series of genera- 

 tions with the emotion of terror ; for terror has habitually 

 led the horse to the most violent exertion in dashing away 

 at full speed from the cause of danger. 



' MOKKET-SHINES. 



p Many years ago, in the Zoological Gardens, 



I placed a looking-glass on the floor before 



two young orangs, who, as far as it was known, had never 



