164 



POPULAK FLORA. 



1. Leaves in whorls. Ovary 2-celled, separating in the ripe fruit into two closed and one-seeded pieces; 



teeth or limb of the calyx small or hardly to be discerned. 



Stamens 6 and the corolla 5-parted. Fruit berry-like when ripe, {Riibia) *Maddek. 



Stamens and divisions of the wheel-shaped corolla 4, rarely 3. Fruit a pair of dry or 



fleshy akenes, smooth in some species, in others rough, in others beset with 



hooked prickles, making little burs, ( (Jdlium) Bedstkaw. 



2. Leaves opposite, and with stipules, either as little scales or forming a small sheath. 



Shrub: flowers (white) many in a close round head (Fig. 14B), ( Cephaldnlhus) Buttonbush 



Small herbs. (Corolla 4-lobed.) 



Flowers twin, on one ovary, which makes a double-eyed red berry. Small creeping 



evergreen, with round leaves. Corolla bearded inside. {MilchiiUa) Partridge-berry. 



Flowers separate, peduncled. Fruit a dry pod. Stems erect. ( Oldenldndia. § Htmstbnia) Bluets. 



48. VALERIAN FAMILY. Order VALERIANACEJE. 

 Herbs, with strong-scented roots, opposite lea^■es, and no stipules, a 5-lobed monopetalous 

 corolla bearing only 2 or 3 stamens, and borne on the ovary, which makes a small one- 

 seeded dry fruit. Flowers small, in cymes or clusters, white or purplish. 

 Limb of the calyx crowning the fruit in the form of feathery bristles, ( Vctlendna) *Valeeian. 



Limb of the calyx only one or more blunt teeth, {Fedia) Lamb-Lettuce. 



49. TEASEL FAMILY. Order DIPSACE^. 



Herbs, with opposite leaves, no stipules, and perfect flowers in dense heads, surrounded 

 by an involucre, and with a chaffy bract under each blossom. Corolla tubular or funnel- 

 form, with 4 or 5 lobes, bearing 4 stamens, and itself borne on the ovary, which becomes an 

 akene in fruit, containing one hanging seed. 

 Flowers in a rough^chaffy head : calyx cup-shaped, short: lobes of the corolla 4. Stem 



and leaves rough or prickly, ( Dipsaciis) Teasel. 



Flowers larger than the chaff: calj'x with long-awned or bristle-shaped lobes: lobes of the 



corolla 4 or 6, unequal, {Scabiosa) *ScABious. 



50. COMPOSITE or SUNFLOWER FAMILY. Order COMPOSITE.. 

 Known by having what were called comjiound fiowers, which are really a number of 

 flowers closely crowded into a head, and this surrounded by an in- 

 volucre which was taken for a calyx. The Scabious has its flowers 

 in such heads. But the distinguishing mark of the present family 

 is that its five stamens are united by their anthfrs, or syngene- 

 sioun. Fig. 400 shows the stamens, their anthers connected into 

 a tube, through which the style passes. Fig. 4 01 shoM-s this tube 

 split down on one side and spread open flat. What gives the 

 whole head so much the appearance of one large blossom is, that, 



