POPDLAE FLORA. 197 



84. WALNUT FAMILY. Order JUGLANDACEiE. 

 Timber and nut trees, with alternate pinnate leaves, no stipules ; the sterile flowers in 

 hanging catkins and with an irregular calyx ; the fertile ones single or few together at the 

 end of a shoot ; their calyx coherent with the ovaiy, and 4-toothed at its summit. Fruit 

 a kind of stone-fruit ; the outer part becoming dry when ripe, and forming a husk, the 

 stone incompletely 2-celled or 4-celled, but with only one ovule and seed . The whole 

 kernel is a great embryo, with the cotyledons separated, lobed, and crumpled. — Only 

 two genera : — 



Catkins of the sterile flowers single; the bracts or scales united with the calyx: stamens 

 8 to 40. Fertile flowers with 4 small petals between the teeth of the calyx; short 

 styles and stigmas 2, fringed: husk of the fruit thin, and not separating into valves 

 or regular pieces. Bark and bruised leaves strong-scented and staining brown. Leaf- 

 buds nearly naked, (Juglans) Walnut. 



Catkins 3 or more on one peduncle : stamens 3 to 8 ; anthers almost sessile. No petals in 

 the fertile flowers: stigma large, 4-lobed. Husk of the fruit splitting into four pieces 

 or valves, which separate from the smooth stone or shell. Wood very hard and 

 tough. Leaf-buds scaly (Fig. 55), {Cdrya) Hickory. 



Walnut* Juglam. 

 \. Black Walnut. Leaves and stalks smoothish ; leaflets many, lance-ovate, taper-pointed ; fruit 

 round, the thin husk drying on the very rough stone. Common W. J. nigra. 



2. Butternut, or Gray-barked W. Leaves, stalks, and oblong fruit clammy-downy when young, 



the stone with more ragged ridges, and tree smaller than No. 1. /. cinerea. 



3. True or English W. Smooth; leaflets only about 9, oblong; fruit round; husk separating from 



the thin and nearly smooth stone. Cultivated, from the South of Europe. J", regia. 



Hickory. Cdrya. 

 ^ Fruit and stone round or roundish. 



1. Shagbakk H. (also called Shellbakk or Sweet H.) Bark on the trunk shaggy, and scaling 



off; leaflets generally 5, three of them lance-obovate, the lower pair smaller and oblong-lanceolate, 

 finely serrate ; husk thick ; stone roundish, thick or thin ; seed very sweet : furnishes the hickory- 

 nuts of the market. C. alba. 



2. Mockebnut H. Bark cracked on the larger trunks ; leaflets 7 to 9, roughish-downy beneath, 



slightly serrate, oblong-lanceolate ; catkins hairy; husk and stone very thick; seed sweetish but 

 small. Common S. and W. C. tonienibsa. 



3. Pignut H. Bark close and smooth; leaflets 5 to 7, smooth, lance-ovate, serrate; fruit pear-shaped 



or obovate, the husk and stone rather thin ; seed sweetish or bitterish, small. C. glabra. 



,4. BiTTEBNUT or SwAMP H. Bark of trunk smooth; buds little scaly: leaflets 7 to 11, lance-oblong, 



smooth; husk and stone of the fruit thin and tender; seed very bitter. Wet woods. C. amara. 

 * * Fruit and thin stone narrowly oblong: husk thin. 

 6. Pecan-nut H. Leaflets 13 or 15, oblong-lanceolate, oblique, serrate ; stone olive-shaped, thin ; seed 



very sweet. W. & S. C. oUvcefirmit. 



