366 VEGETABLE DRUGS 



secretion, and contractility of the unstriated muscle of the bronchial 

 tubes are increased, and volatile oils thus assist expectoration and cough- 

 ing. In irritating the kidneys and mucous membrane of the genito-uri- 

 nary tract, the volatile oils are stimulant and diuretic; while in poisonous 

 doses they produce acute nephritis, strangury, hematuria and abortion. 

 Toxic doses, injected into the circulation, lower the force of the heart 

 and the blood pressure, and occasion a sort of intoxication, and sometimes 

 convulsions. To summarize: volatile oils possess the following actions 

 in a greater or less degree: parasiticide, antiseptic, disinfectant, rubefa- 

 cient, vesicant, local anesthetic, sialagogue, stomachic, carminative, anti- 

 spasmodic, stimulant, expectorant, emmenagogue, abortifacient, and diu- 

 retic actions. 



Class 1 . — Used Mainly for Their Action on the Skin. 



Teeebinti-iina. Turpentine. (B. P.) 



A concrete oleoresin obtained from Pinus palustris Miller, and from other 

 species of Pinus (nat. ord. Coniferse). 



Habitat. — Southeastern United States; from Virginia to the Gulf of Mexico. 



Description. — In yellowish, opaque, tough masses, brittle in the cold: crumbly, 

 crystalline in the interior, of a terebinthinate odor and taste. 



Oleum TEEEBiifTHisr^. Oil of Turpentine. (U. S. & B. P.) 



A volatile oil distilled with water from the concrete oleoresin obtained from 

 Pinus palustris Miller or from other species of Pinus (Fam. Pinacese). 



Synonym. — Spirit of turpentine, E.; essence de tergbinthine, Fr. ; terpen- 

 tinol, G. 



Properties. — A colorless liquid, having a characteristic odor and taste, both 

 of which become stronger and less pleasant by age or exposure to the air. Spec. 

 Sir. 0.860 to 0.870 at 25° C. Soluble in three times its volume of alcohol; also 

 soluble in an equal volume of glacial acetic acid. 



Solvent for resins (varnish), fats, wax, gutta percha, india rubber, sulphur, 

 phosphorus, iodine, and many alkaloids. Old oil of turpentine and French oil of 

 turpentine (Pinus maratima) are oxidizing agents. 



Constituents. — Turpentine contains 20 to 25 per cent, of oil of turpentine. 

 Oil of turpentine is composed of several isomeric hydrocarbons, called terpenes, 

 and having the formula CioHjo. The chief ones in the oil are pinene, phellan- 

 drene, limonene, and dipentene. 



The oil of juniper, savin, cubeb, caraway, cloves, thyme, etc., contain various 

 terpenes. They differ from each other in their boiling points and direction in 

 which they rotate the plane of polarization. The terpenes are oxidized into 

 camphors. 



Dose.— Carminative— B.. & C, gi-ii, (30-60) ; Sh. & Sw., 3i-iv, (4-15) ; D., 

 TT1.X-XXX, (.6-2). 



Anthelmintic— H. & C, gii-iv, (60-120); D., 3ss-iv, (2-15). 



Dvaretic~H. & C, 3ii-vi, (8-24). 



PKEPAUATIONS. 



Linimentum Terebinthiiue. Turpentine Liniment. (U. S. & B. P.) 

 Resin cerate, 650; oil of turpentine, 350; melt the resin cerate and add the 

 oil of turpentine. (U. S. P.) 



Oleum Terebinthince Rectificatum. Rectified Oil of Turpentine. (U. S. P.) 

 Derivation. — Made by shaking oil of turpentine with an equal volume of solu- 

 tion of sodium hydroxide, distillation, and shaking with anhydrous calcium 

 chloride. 



Properties. — A thin, colorless, liquid, having the same properties as oil of 

 turpentine. 



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