con LIVER Oil 461 



biliary obstruction. Bile, moreover, assists the solubility and action of 

 certain cathartics, viz., podophyllum, rhubarb, scammony, aloes and 

 jalap — and has a laxative action itself, probably through the irritation of 

 bile acids on the large intestines. Bile is indicated medicinally in ob- 

 struction to the normal flow of bile — to aid intestinal digestion — and also 

 to facilitate the action ef the cathartics noted above. It may be used 

 also to advantage in enema for dogs with chronic constipation and im- 

 pacted feces (2 drams to 2 ounces of water). Internally it is given to 

 dogs in pills 2 hours after meals. 



Papain. (Non-official.) 

 (Not of animal origin, but therapeutically related to above.) 



Synonym. — Papayotine, papaya, papayine, papoid. 



A digestive ferment obtained from the juice of the unripe fruit of Carica 

 papaya (Papaw), an herbaceous tree growing in the East and West Indies. 

 Papain or papayotine is often used to describe the dried juice- itself, which 

 exists in the form of a powder similar to that of gum arabic. Papain occurs in 

 the form of a white, or greyish-white, nearly tasteless powder, soluble in glycerin 

 and water. Papain is said to digest both proteids and carbohydrates, in either 

 an acid or alkaline medium, and is recommended in gastric or Intestinal indi- 

 gestion in pill or powder. It has also been used to destroy pyogenic membrane 

 of flstulae and abscess, in 5 per cent, solution; or tumors and malignant growths, 

 injected Into the tissues in 10 per cent, solution. This latter use is accompanied 

 by pain and febrile temperature, although the substance is said to merely dissolve 

 diseased tissues without caustic effect. Papain may be given to dogs, foals, or 

 calves in doses of gr.ii-x, (.12-.6). 



Oleum Mohrhu^. Cod Liver Oil. (U. S. & B. P.) 



Synonym. — Oleum jecoris ascelli, P. G. ; cod oil, E. ; huile de morue, hulle de 

 foie de morue, Pr.; leberthran, stockfischleberthran, G. 



A fixed oil obtained from fresh livers of Gadus morrhua LinnS and other 

 species of Gadus (Fam. Gadidae). 



Habitat. — North Atlantic Ocean. 



Properties. — A pale-yellow, thin, oily liquid, having a peculiar, slightly fishy, 

 but not rancid odor, and a fishy taste. Spec. gr. 0.918 to 0.922. Slightly soluble 

 in alcohol, but soluble in ether, chloroform or carbon disulphide, or ethyl acetate. 

 Brown oils are not desirable therapeutically. 



Constituents. — 1, glycerin oleate (or olein), 70 per cent; 2, palmitin and 

 stearin, 25 per cent.; 3, oleic, margaric, palmitic, stearic, butyric, and acetic 

 acids, in small quantities ; 4, biliary matter, as cholic, f ellinic and bilif ellinic acids ; 

 6, gaduin (CsjHmOb) ; 6, morrhuol, a crystalline substance containing iodine, phos- 

 phorus and bromine; 7, traces of iron, lime, and magnesia; 8, decomposition prod- 

 ucts or cadaveric alkaloids, in brown oils. 



Dose.—R. & C, §ii-v, (60-120); Sh. & Sw., §ss-i, (15-30); D. & C, 3i-iii, 

 (4-12). 



Action Internal. — Cod liver oil resembles other oils in aiding nutri- 

 tion, the accumulation of fat, and the maintenance of bodily heat, but 

 surpasses them in three particulars: 1, cod liver oil is more easily ab- 

 sorbed; this has been proved comparatively by injecting various oils 

 into separate ligated portions of the living animal bowel; 2, cod liver 

 oil is more readily oxidized after absorption; this is shown by the fact 

 that it reduces and therefore changes the color of potassium permanga- 

 nate solutions more quickly than other oils ; 3, cod liver oil increases the 

 number of red blood corpuscles in anemia ; this has been demonstrated by 

 blood-counts, but not by comparison with the effect of other oils. The 

 ease of absorption is thought by some to be due to biliary principles which 



Digitized by Microsoft® 



