440 Western Live-stock Management 



be designated as feeders unless they are fat enough for slaughter, 

 in which case they would be designated as beef cattle. (See 

 Beef cattle.) 



Heifer. The female of the bovine species that has not yet 

 produced a calf. (See Cow.) 



Polled. Without horns. This term is often used as a suffix 

 to the name of some of the breeds of polled cattle, as for ex- 

 ample, " Polled Angus," " Polled Hereford," or " Polled Durham." 



Steer. A male animal of the bovine species which has been 

 castrated before the animal is old enough to show any mas- 

 culine character, as indicated by coarse head and heavy neck. 



Stackers. Young growing cattle, including both steers and 

 heifers; steers not old enough for feeders (see Feeders) and 

 heifers not old enough to produce their first calf. The term, 

 however, is sometimes used to include the entire breeding herd 

 of cows as well as the young steers and heifers. 



Veal. A young calf fat enough to slaughter, and weighing 

 between 125 and 300 pounds live weight. 



SHEEP TERMS 



Binders. Cross fibers that hold the locks of a fleece together. 



Blackface. A term applied to the Hampshire, Shropshire, 

 and Oxford sheep or to lambs sired by rams of this breed. Black- 

 faced lambs are preferred in the feed-lot because the black face 

 indicates the presence of this good mutton blood. (See Down 

 breeds, also Middle wool.) 



Brightness. A term referring altogether to the color of wool. 

 It is quite distinct from the term luster. 



Britch. That part of the fleece that covers the rear legs. 



Broken mouth. A mouth in which one or more of the perma- 

 nent incisor teeth are badly broken or missing. 



Buck. A male sheep. This term is used largely in the range 

 district. The word ram is preferable. 



Crim-p. The spiral or waves found in each fiber of wool. 



Dock. The portion of the tail left after docking. 



Down breeds. A term applied to certain of the middle wool 

 breeds which developed on the rolling hills or downs of Eng- 

 land. The Southdown, Shropshire, Hampshire, and Oxford are 

 the principal Down breeds. (See Blaclcface, also Middle wool.) 



