TBAINING. 195 



space and a favourable position can be fonnd for it. The chief point 

 in the 'formation of permanent trees in this form is to cut them back 

 pretty severely at first to insure health and vigour at the base of the 



FiQ. 17. 

 tree. As an add to this, the lower parts of the tree are often elevated 

 considerably beyond the horizontal line ia the early stages of growth. 



Pig. 18. Fia. 20. Pie. 19. 



This brings the base and the centre of the tree into a nearer approxima- 

 tion to an equality of strength. 



The stellate fan (Pig. 18), as it is called, can only be used for rider 

 trees. As it is obvious that to equally distribute the leading branches of 

 a tree downwards as well as upwards, considerable elevation of stem is 



