HEDGEROWS 293 



mixed and varied, and each division must be studied 

 ssparately. 



The influence of man is seen perhaps more in the hedge- 

 row than anywhere else. Not only does the frequent 

 clipping of the bushes and trees affect the vegetation 

 underneath by letting in more light, but the woody plants 

 themselves are affected — e.g., beeches and oaks which are 

 periodically pollarded usually retain their leaves on the 

 branches in a dried state during winter (see p. 109). 



The Hedge itself. — The most common trees are : oak, 

 elm, and ash ; horse-chestnut, willow, lime, poplar, horn- 

 beam, pear, and wild plum are frequent ; white beam is 

 common on chalk soils. 



Of bushes or shrubs, the hawthorn, hazel, elder, maple, 

 and sloe (blackthorn) are most abundant. More or less 

 common species are : privet, cherry-laurel, gorse, pollard 

 beech and oak, dogwood, waj^aring - tree (Viburnum 

 Lantana), and buckthorn {Rhamnv^ catharticus), the last 

 three especially on chalk soils. 



Climbers. — Scramblers : Rose, bramble, cleavers [Galium 

 Aparine), crosswort (G. Gruciata), hedge-bedstraw {G. 

 Mollugo). 



Twiners : Honeysuckle, Convolvulus senium, hop, black 

 bryony {Tamus communis), woody nightshade (Solanum 

 Dulcamara). 



Tendril-climbers : Vetches ( Vicia sepium and F. Cracca, 

 leaf-tendrils), yellow meadow-vetchling [Lathyrus pra- 

 tensis, leaf-tendrils). Clematis Vitalba (sensitive petioles), 

 white bryony [Bryonia dioica). 



Root-climber : Ivy, attached to tree-trunks, or just as 

 frequently trailing along the ground. 



Herbs.— The following list includes most of the com- 

 moner hedgerow plants. Where the habitat is not stated, 

 the plant grows equally well in the shade or in the more 

 open parts. 



Achillea Millefolium (yarrow, milfoil), dry, open ; divided leaL 



Adoxa MoschateHina (moschatel), shade; divided leaf. 



Agrimonia Ewpatoria (agrimony), dry, open ; divided leaf. 



Ajuga reptans (bugle), damp, shade. 



Alliaria officinalis (Jack-by-the-hedge). 



Allium ursinum (ramsons), deep shade. 



Arctium Lappa (burdock). 



Arenaria trinervia (sandwort), shade ; prostrate. ' 



Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort), divided leaf. 



