74 Insect Pests. 



idea that now and again there is a second brood in this country. 

 During 1906 I succeeded, under normal outdoor conditions, in 

 hatching out moths in August, which deposited eggs on apples out of 

 doors, the ova hatching in six days, and the maggots entered the 

 fruit at the base, not the eye. These larva;, matured by the 10th of 

 October. Thus we have proof here of a second brood, just as happens 

 in parts of America. During the same year Mr. Getting sent me 

 Codling maggots from Eoss, found in the last week in September in 

 Cox's Orange Pippins. Many of these apples had been freshly 

 attacked, and Mr. Getting noticed that the entrance hole was either 

 at the side or base of the fruit. In warmer climates than ours there 

 may be even more than two broods in each season. 



The larvEe that form their cocoons in the autumn remain in the 

 same condition until spring, when they cliange to pupae a few weeks 

 before the moths emerge. But when they spin early in the year and 

 are going to give rise to a second generation, they pupate a few days 

 after the cocoons are completed. 



Slingerland (2) gives the life of the caterpillar as varying from 

 twenty to thirty days. They take longer to mature with us, some 

 under observation took fifty days. Ormerod (5) states that they take 

 four weeks. 



JSTiTUBAL Enemies. 



It is during the winter that the numbers of this pest are reduced 

 by natural agencies. The Tits, especially the Blue and the Great Tit, 

 devour the larvaj, wrenching them out of the cocoons after breaking 

 off the sheltering bark beneath which they are hidden. 



There are not nearly enough of these birds, however, to do 

 sufficient good, for year by year we get orchards and gardens 

 robbed of much of the fruit by this noxious yet interesting little 

 insect. 



Eecent reports of the benefit of parasites in connection with this 

 pest are of interest, but seern to be of no practical value. 



Slingerland (2) records a number from America. The ova are 

 attacked by a minute hymenopteron, Trichogramma pretiosa (?), and 

 the larvge also suffer from Ichneumon parasites, but the Codling Moth 

 persists in enormous numbers. 



In Europe the parasite mentioned on p. 77 occurs iu some 

 numbers. 



